Příručka a učebnice obsahující testy z biologie vhodné k přípravě ke zkouškám na vysokou školu. Určeno studentům středních škol.

• MeSH
• biologie MeSH
• přijímací zkouška na vysokou školu MeSH
• Publikační typ
• příručky MeSH

• Konspekt
• Biologické vědy
• Učební osnovy. Vyučovací předměty. Učebnice
• NLK Obory
• biologie
• NLK Publikační typ
• učebnice středních škol
• testy

Aim: We aimed to establish the association between sclerostin (a glycoprotein involved in bone metabolism) and development of pulse wave velocity (PWV) in the general population. Methods: A prospective cohort study with a total of 522 subjects. Aortic PWV was measured twice (at baseline and after approximately 8 years of follow-up) and intraindividual change in PWV per year (ΔPWV/year) was calculated. Results: ΔPWV/year increased across the sclerostin quintiles, but generally in a strong age-dependent manner. However, a significant independent positive association between sclerostin and ΔPWV/year was observed exclusively in C allele carriers of rs5186 polymorphism for the angiotensin II receptor 1 (n = 246). Conclusion: Sclerostin concentrations were associated with an accelerated natural course of arterial stiffening, but only in interaction with renin-angiotension system.

• MeSH
• adaptorové proteiny signální transdukční genetika   MeSH
• analýza pulzové vlny MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci genetika   MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus * MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• progrese nemoci MeSH
• receptor angiotensinu typ 1 genetika   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• tuhost cévní stěny genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Diverse stress insults trigger interactions of PML with nucleolus, however, the function of these PML nucleolar associations (PNAs) remains unclear. Here we show that during induction of DNA damage-induced senescence in human non-cancerous cells, PML accumulates at the nucleolar periphery simultaneously with inactivation of RNA polymerase I (RNAP I) and nucleolar segregation. Using time-lapse and high-resolution microscopy, we followed the genesis, structural transitions and destiny of PNAs to show that: 1) the dynamic structural changes of the PML-nucleolar interaction are tightly associated with inactivation and reactivation of RNAP I-mediated transcription, respectively; 2) the PML-nucleolar compartment develops sequentially under stress and, upon stress termination, it culminates in either of two fates: disappearance or persistence; 3) all PNAs stages can associate with DNA damage markers; 4) the persistent, commonly long-lasting PML multi-protein nucleolar structures (PML-NDS) associate with markers of DNA damage, indicating a role of PNAs in persistent DNA damage response characteristic for senescent cells. Given the emerging evidence implicating PML in homologous recombination-directed DNA repair, we propose that PNAs contribute to sequestration and faithful repair of the highly unstable ribosomal DNA repeats, a fundamental process to maintain a precise balance between DNA repair mechanisms, with implications for genomic integrity and aging.

• MeSH
• buněčné jadérko metabolismus   MeSH
• doxorubicin MeSH
• fyziologický stres MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• poškození DNA * MeSH
• protein promyelocytické leukemie metabolismus   MeSH
• stárnutí buněk * MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: Secondary prevention of atherosclerotic vascular diseases represents a cascade of procedures to reduce the risk of future fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events. We sought to determine whether the expression of selected microRNAs influenced mortality of stable chronic cardiovascular patients. METHODS: The plasma concentrations of five selected microRNAs (miR-1, miR-19, miR-126, miR-133 and miR-223) were quantified in 826 patients (mean age 65.2 years) with stable vascular disease (6-36 months after acute coronary syndrome, coronary revascularization or first-ever ischemic stroke). All-cause and cardiovascular mortality rates were followed during our prospective study. RESULTS: Low expression (bottom quartile) of all five miRNAs was associated with a significant increase in five-year all-cause death, even when adjusted for conventional risk factors, treatment, raised troponin I and brain natriuretic protein levels [hazard risk ratios (HRRs) were as follows: miR-1, 1.65 (95% CI: 1.16-2.35); miR-19a, 2.27 (95% CI: 1.59-3.23); miR-126, 1.64 (95% CI: 1.15-2.33); miR-133a, 1.46 (95% CI: 1.01-2.12) and miR-223, 2.05 (95% CI: 1.45-2.91)]. Nearly similar results were found if using five-year cardiovascular mortality as the outcome. However, if entering all five miRNAs (along with other covariates) into a single regression model, only low miR-19a remained a significant mortality predictor; and only in patients with coronary artery disease [3.00 (95% CI: 1.77-5.08)], but not in post-stroke patients [1.63 (95% CI: 0.94-2.86)]. CONCLUSIONS: In stable chronic coronary artery disease patients, low miR-19a expression was associated with a substantial increase in mortality risk independently of other conventional cardiovascular risk factors.

• MeSH
• ateroskleróza krev   genetika   mortalita   MeSH
• biologické markery krev   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• hodnocení rizik metody   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikro RNA biosyntéza   krev   MeSH
• míra přežití trendy   MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Modelové testy z oblasti biologie pro rok 2019. Určeno pro uchazeče o studium všeobecného a zubního lékařství.

• MeSH
• biologie výchova   MeSH
• přijímací zkouška na vysokou školu MeSH
• studium lékařství MeSH
• univerzity MeSH
• Publikační typ
• učebnice MeSH

• Konspekt
• Biologické vědy
• Učební osnovy. Vyučovací předměty. Učebnice
• NLK Obory
• biologie
• NLK Publikační typ
• testy

Low vitamin D status has been frequently associated with impaired glucose metabolism. We examined associations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) and several parameters of glucose homeostasis in virtually healthy subjects, and explored possible interaction with vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphism. Nondiabetic subjects without chronic medication or any known significant manifest disease were selected from large general-population based population survey. Insulin sensitivity and β cell secretion were calculated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) and soluble isoform of receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) using commercial ELISA. Subjects were also genotyped for rs2228570 polymorphism of VDR. After adjustment for potential confounders, we observed a significant relationship between 25-OH-D and fasting glycemia (β coefficient=-5.904; p=0.002) or insulin sensitivity (β=0.042; p=0.001), but not with β cell secretion or sRAGE. We found also an interaction with VDR polymorphism. Subjects with low 25-OH-D and AA genotype had significantly lower insulin sensitivity than those with GG genotype plus highest 25-OH-D concentrations (107.3% vs. 183.9%, p=0.021). In conclusion, low vitamin D status was in virtually healthy subjects associated with decreased insulin sensitivity, namely in those with GG genotype of rs2228570 VDR polymorphism.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• glukosa metabolismus   MeSH
• homeostáza * MeSH
• inzulinová rezistence genetika   MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus genetika   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• multivariační analýza MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• receptory kalcitriolu genetika   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• vitamin D analogy a deriváty   krev   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Both vitamins K and D are nutrients with pleiotropic functions in human tissues. The metabolic role of these vitamins overlaps considerably in calcium homeostasis. We analyzed their potential synergetic effect on arterial stiffness. In a cross-sectional study, we analyzed aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV) in 1023 subjects from the Czech post-MONICA study. Desphospho-uncarboxylated matrix γ-carboxyglutamate protein (dp-ucMGP), a biomarker of vitamin K status, was measured by sandwich ELISA and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OH-D3) by a commercial immunochemical assay. In a subsample of 431 subjects without chronic disease or pharmacotherapy, we detected rs2228570 polymorphism for the vitamin D receptor. After adjustment for confounders, aPWV was independently associated with both factors: dp-ucMGP [β-coefficient(S.E.M.)=13.91(4.87); P=.004] and 25-OH-D3 [0.624(0.28); P=.027]. In a further analysis, we divided subjects according to dp-ucMGP and 25-OH-D3 quartiles, resulting in 16 subgroups. The highest aPWV had subjects in the top quartile of dp-ucMGP plus bottom quartile of 25-OH-D3 (i.e., in those with insufficient status of both vitamin K and vitamin D), while the lowest aPVW had subjects in the bottom quartile of dp-ucMGP plus top quartile of 25-OH-D3 [9.8 (SD2.6) versus 6.6 (SD1.6) m/s; P<.0001]. When we compared these extreme groups of vitamin K and D status, the adjusted odds ratio for aPWV≥9.3 m/s was 6.83 (95% CI:1.95-20.9). The aPWV was also significantly higher among subjects bearing the GG genotype of rs2228570, but only in those with a concomitantly poor vitamin K status. In conclusion, we confirmed substantial interaction of insufficient K and D vitamin status in terms of increased aortic stiffness.

• MeSH
• analýza pulzové vlny MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• extracelulární matrix - proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus MeSH
• kalcifediol krev   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nedostatek vitaminu K patofyziologie   MeSH
• proteiny vázající vápník metabolismus   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• receptory kalcitriolu genetika   MeSH
• regresní analýza MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• tuhost cévní stěny fyziologie   MeSH
• vitamin D krev   MeSH
• vitamin K krev   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Nitric oxide plays an important role in vascular biology. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the endothelial nitric oxide gene (NOS3) have been previously associated with arterial hypertension. We investigated whether these SNPs might be associated with arterial phenotypes in the Czech general population. METHODS: We genotyped three NOS3 SNPs in 426 subjects not treated for arterial hypertension (mean age, 49.1 years; 55.9% women). Arterial properties were measured using applanation tonometry. In multivariate-adjusted analyses, we assessed the gene effects of rs3918226 (-665 C>T), rs1799983 (glu298asp G>T) and rs2070744 (786 T>C) on augmentation index (AIx), central augmentation pressure (AP) and aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV). RESULTS: Carriers of rs3918226 mutated T allele had marginally higher AIx (145.3 ± 2.5 vs. 140.2 ± 1.1%; P = 0.064) and significantly higher AP (12.7 ± 0.7 vs. 11.1 ± 0.3 mm Hg; P = 0.033). These associations were independent of potential confounding factors. Aortic PWV was not different in the two rs39182226 genotypes groups (P = 0.35). In single gene analyses, we did not observe any association between measured phenotypes and rs1799983 or rs2070744 (P ≥ 0.11). In haplotype analysis, we observed trend for higher PWV in haplotypes containing rs3918226 mutated T allele compared with other allelic combination (P ≤ 0.079). CONCLUSION: Mutated T allele of rs3918226 polymorphism in NOS3 gene was associated with parameters reflecting central arterial stiffness and wave reflection. We hypothesize that genetic modulation of intermediate arterial phenotypes might lead to higher blood pressure.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• genetické asociační studie MeSH
• haplotypy MeSH
• krevní tlak MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• polymorfismus genetický genetika   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• synthasa oxidu dusnatého, typ III genetika   MeSH
• tuhost cévní stěny genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH

• MeSH
• biologie MeSH
• přijímací zkouška na vysokou školu MeSH
• Publikační typ
• učebnice MeSH

• Konspekt
• Biologické vědy
• NLK Obory
• biologie
• NLK Publikační typ
• testy

Cieľ: Popísať klinický priebeh liečby mladého diabetika ranibizumabom, metabolicky dekompenzovaného, s dia - betickým edémom makuly (DEM) a rozsiahlymi neovaskularizáciami terča zrakového nervu (NVD). Kazuistika: 23-ročný diabetik trpiaci ochorením diabetes mellitus 1. typu (DM1T) bol odoslaný na naše pracovisko na laserové ošetrenie sietnice. Pre DM1T bol liečený 10 rokov, stále však bol zle metabolicky kompenzovaný. Pacient bol odoslaný zo spá - dovej ambulancie v marci 2012. Od marca 2012 do júna 2012 bol liečený intenzívnou panretinálnou fotokoagulá - ciou (PRP) na oboch očiach. V júli 2012 sme pozorovali vývoj výrazných NVD, hlavne vľavo. Rozhodli sme sa pre za - hájenie anti-VEGF-terapie ľavého oka. Glykovaný hemoglobín (HbA 1c ) v tom čase bol 10,3 %, aj napriek tomu však žiadaná terapia nebola zo strany zdravotnej poisťovne schválená, hlavne pre nízky vek pacienta. Neskôr bol podá - vaný ranibizumab aj do pravého oka. Pacient mal pred zahájením anti-VEGF-terapie najlepšie korigovanú zrakovú ostrosť (NKZO) vpravo 20/80, 54 písmen, vľavo 20/100, 52 písmen. Po prvých 3 dávkach ranibizumabu do ľavého oka NKZO vzrástla na 20/32, 76 písmen. Vpravo po 3 dávkach ranibizumabu vzrástla NKZO na 20/32, 73 písmen. Na oboch očiach sme pozorovali hlavne výrazný ústup NVD a pokles DEM. Pacient mal do septembra 2013 aplikovaný ranibizumab 5-krát do pravého oka a 6-krát do ľavého oka. Počas celej terapie bol HbA 1c nad 8,5 %, čo bolo odra - zom zlej metabolickej kompenzácie. V septembri 2013 bola vpravo NKZO 20/40, 68 písmen a vľavo NKZO 20/40, 70 písmen.

Objective: To describe the clinical course of treatment with ranibizumab in young diabetic patient metabolically decompensated with diabetic macular edema (DME) and extensive neovascularization of the disc (NVD). Case report: 23 years old diabetic patient suffering from type 1 diabetes was sent to our department for retinal laser tre - atment. 10 years has been treated as type 1 diabetic patient, but was still poorly metabolically compensated. The patient was sent from catchment area in March 2012. From March 2012 to June 2012 was treated with intensive pan - retinal photocoagulation (PRP) in both eyes. In July 2012 we observed significant NVD development, especially on the left. We decided to initiate therapy with anti-VEGF in left eye. Inspite of the 10.3 % glycated hemoglobin (HbA 1c ) at that time, requested therapy was approved by health insurance, especially because of the young age of the pa - tient. Later ranibizumab was administered to the right eye. The patient had prior to initiation of therapy with anti - -VEGF the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) on the right 20/80, 54 letters, on the left 20/100, 52 letters. After the first three doses of ranibizumab to the left eye BCVA increased to 20/32, 76 letters. On the right after three doses of ranibizumab BCVA increased to 20/32, 73 letters. We observed significant regression of NVD and DEM in both eyes. We applied ranibizumab to the patient right eye 5 times and to the left eye 6 times until september 2013. Throu - ghout course of therapy was HbA1c more than 8.5 %, reflecting poor metabolic control. In september 2013 the right BCVA was 20/40, 68 letters and left BCVA 20/40, 70 points.

• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 1. typu * komplikace   MeSH
• diabetická retinopatie * diagnóza   chirurgie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• injekce intravitreální MeSH
• laserová koagulace metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• makulární edém * diagnóza   etiologie   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• monoklonální protilátky * terapeutické užití   MeSH
• patologická angiogeneze prevence a kontrola   terapie   MeSH
• vaskulární endoteliální růstové faktory antagonisté a inhibitory   aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH