Two experiments were carried out to examine the impacts of hydroxytyrosol (HT) on lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function in Megalobrama amblycephala. Triplicate groups of fish were fed four test diets: (1) low-fat diet (LFD, 5% fat), (2) high-fat diet (HFD, 15% fat), (3) LFD + 100 mg/kg HT (LFD + HT), and (4) HFD + 100 mg/kg HT (HFD + HT) (in vivo). Hepatocytes from the same batch were exposed to three media including L-15 medium (L15), oleic acid (OA) medium [L15 + 400 μM OA], and OA + HT medium [L15 + 400 μM OA + 10 μM HT] to explore the roles of HT in mitochondrial function (in vitro). Fish fed HFD had excessive fat deposition in the liver, and HT inclusion in the HFD decreased hepatic fat deposition. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the HFD triggers loss of cristae and metrical density and hydropic changes in mitochondria and that HT supplementation attenuates the ultrastructural alterations of mitochondria. The in vitro test showed that HT decreases fat deposition in hepatocytes, suppresses the reactive oxygen species formation, and facilitates the expression of phospho-AMPK protein and the genes involved in mitochondria biogenesis (PGC-1, NRF-1, TFAM) and autophagy (PINK1, Mul1, Atg5). These findings suggest the lipid-lowering effect of HT mediated by activation of mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy through the AMPK pathway.
- MeSH
- autofagie * MeSH
- biogeneze organel MeSH
- Cyprinidae genetika metabolismus MeSH
- dietní tuky metabolismus MeSH
- fenethylalkohol analogy a deriváty metabolismus MeSH
- hepatocyty metabolismus MeSH
- játra cytologie metabolismus MeSH
- krmivo pro zvířata analýza MeSH
- mitochondrie metabolismus MeSH
- proteinkinasy aktivované AMP genetika metabolismus MeSH
- rybí proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is an important protein which plays a key role in regulating the innate immunity, so exploring its molecular characterization is helpful in understanding the resistance against microbial infections in cultured fish. Here, a full-length cDNA of p38 MAPK was cloned from liver of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) which covered 2419 bp with an open reading frame of 1086 bp encoding 361 amino acids. p38 MAPK contained the characteristic structures of Thr-Gly-Tyr (TGY) motif and substrate binding site Ala-Thr-Arg-Trp (ATRW), which are conserved in MAPK family. To investigate p38 MAPK functions, two in vivo experiments were carried out to examine its expression following ammonia exposure and bacterial challenge. Also, an in vitro experiment was conducted to assess the role of p38 MAPK in inflammation of primary hepatocytes induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results showed the ubiquitous expression of p38 MAPK in all the tested tissues with varying levels. p38 MAPK mRNA expression was significantly up-regulated by ammonia stress and Aeromonas hydrophila challenge, and altered in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, the results indicated that the inflammatory response induced by LPS in hepatocytes is p38 MAPK dependent as knockdown of p38 MAPK using siRNA technology depressed the expression of IL-1β and IL-6. The findings in this study showed that p38 MAPK has anti-stress property, and plays key role in protection against bacterial infection and inflammation in blunt snout bream.
- MeSH
- Aeromonas hydrophila fyziologie MeSH
- amoniak škodlivé účinky MeSH
- buněčná imunita genetika MeSH
- Cyprinidae genetika imunologie MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- gramnegativní bakteriální infekce imunologie MeSH
- lipopolysacharidy farmakologie MeSH
- mitogenem aktivované proteinkinasy p38 chemie genetika imunologie MeSH
- náhodné rozdělení MeSH
- nemoci ryb imunologie MeSH
- přirozená imunita genetika MeSH
- regulace genové exprese imunologie MeSH
- rybí proteiny chemie genetika imunologie MeSH
- sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
- sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
- sekvenční seřazení veterinární MeSH
- stanovení celkové genové exprese veterinární MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH