The aim of this study is to evaluate opportunistic pathogenic bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas in anthropogenically impacted bathing waters, primarily focusing on bathing ponds. The findings include the detection of these bacteria, their susceptibility to selected antibiotics, and the determination of the Exotoxin A (exoA) gene using PCR method. P. aeruginosa was present in most samples, albeit in low concentrations (1-14 CFU/100 mL). The presence of P. otitidis, which is associated with ear infection, in this type of bathing water, was not rare (up to 90 CFU/100 mL). This species would not be detected by the standard methods, including tests on acetamid medium, used for P. aeruginosa in water. The isolated strains of P. otitidis lack the exoA gene and exhibited higher resistance to meropenem compared to P. aeruginosa.
- MeSH
- ADP-ribosatransferasy genetika MeSH
- antibakteriální látky * farmakologie MeSH
- bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny genetika MeSH
- bakteriální toxiny genetika MeSH
- exotoxin A z Pseudomonas aeruginosa MeSH
- exotoxiny genetika MeSH
- faktory virulence genetika MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti * MeSH
- mikrobiologie vody * MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
- Pseudomonas * genetika izolace a purifikace klasifikace účinky léků MeSH
- rybníky * mikrobiologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Fontány a další městské vodní prvky sice nejsou určeny přímo ke koupání, ale řada z nich svým charakterem k přímému kontaktu s vodou vybízí. Jednotlivé objekty jsou však navrhovány s různou mírou erudovanosti v problematice hygieny vody a tedy i s odlišnou technologií úpravy, recirkulací nebo návody k obsluze. V loňském roce bylo vydáno Metodické doporučení pro bezpečný provoz interaktivních městských vodních prvků, vodních hřišť a vodních parků, které je nezávazné a vzniklo jako pomůcka pro provozování a kontrolu těchto objektů za účelem zvýšení bezpečnosti a omezení možných zdravotních rizik souvisejících s jejich užíváním. Toto metodické doporučení vzniklo především na základě našich výsledků, jejichž shrnutí zde uvádíme. Hlavní hygienická rizika při kontaktu osob s vodou ve fontánách a dalších vodních prvcích souvisejí především s mikrobiálním znečištěním (střevní patogeny s fekálně orálním přenosem či mikroby, u nichž jsou potenciální rizika spojena se stykem s kůží a hlavně se sliznicemi). Z neinfekčních rizik je třeba upozornit na kluzké biofilmy u fontán s vodotrysky (nebezpečí uklouznutí a následného zranění) a na možnost výskytu vedlejších produktů dezinfekce – sliznice a dýchací cesty dráždící trichloramin či z karcinogenního účinku podezřelé trihalogenmetany u nadměrně chlorovaných vodních prvků.
Fountains and other urban water features are not designed for bathing, but many of them encourage direct contact with the water. Individual objects, however, are designed with varying degrees of erudition in water hygiene and therefore also with different modification of treatment technologies, water recirculation and operating instructions. Methodological Guidelines for the Safe Operation of Interactive Urban Water Features, Water Playgrounds and Water Parks was issued last year. It is not mandatory, but it was created as guidance to increase safety and possibly reduce health risks related to their use. The Guidelines were created primarily on the basis of our results, the assessment is summarized here. The key hygiene risks when people come into contact with water in fountains and other water features are mainly related to microbial pollution (intestinal pathogens with fecal-oral transmission or microbes with potential risks associated with contact with the skin and mainly with mucous membranes). Among the non-infectious risks, the attention should be drawn to slippery biofilms in fountains with water jets (danger of slipping and subsequent injury) and to the possibility of the occurrence of disinfection by-products - trichloramine, which irritates the mucous membranes and respiratory tract, or trihalogenmethane, suspected of having a carcinogenic effect, in excessively chlorinated water elements.
- Klíčová slova
- městské vodní prvky,
- MeSH
- kvalita vody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pitná voda * mikrobiologie MeSH
- znečištění vody analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
OBJECTIVES: The use of alternative water sources such as rainwater or greywater (i.e., wastewater excluding water from toilets) for non-potable purposes may save water but, on the other hand, can also pose health risks to users. The main health risks come from microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa). This work aims to analyse especially microbiological quality of rainwater and greywater used inside buildings in detail and to expand the existing knowledge about the potential health risks associated with these alternative water sources. It also considers methodological problems during E. coli and coliform bacteria detection. The final objective is to discuss requirements and appropriate indicators for monitoring recycled water quality. METHODS: We examined 30 buildings with non-potable water systems in the Czech Republic and analysed a total of 137 samples of rainwater and 120 samples of greywater. From these 30 buildings, eleven, 5 of which used rainwater and 6 of which used greywater, were sampled regularly for 1-2 years for basic chemical parameters, various faecal indicators, C. perfringens, Legionella spp. and P. aeruginosa. Occasionally, samples were analysed also for the presence of environmental mycobacteria, amoebas, viruses, and selected pathogens. RESULTS: Nearly three quarters of rainwater samples contained the faecal indicators E. coli or enterococci, or both, and in samples from several buildings also Clostridium perfringens was repeatedly detected. Untreated and treated rainwater were in respect to microbiological quality similar, suggesting that treatment processes were not very efficient. In greywater samples, beside faecal indicators, also P. aeruginosa and thermotolerant amoebas were repeatedly detected. Treatment technologies used for greywater were more efficient than those for rainwater systems. CONCLUSION: Based on the results we evaluated appropriate indicators for monitoring recycled water quality and drafted the first Czech regulation for non-potable water.
- MeSH
- Escherichia coli * MeSH
- feces MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
V první polovině 60. let došlo v Ústí nad Labem k epidemii primární amébové meningoencefalitidy (PAME), při které ve čtyřech clusterech zemřelo celkem 16 mladých lidí ve věku od 8 do 25 let. Společným jmenovatelem bylo koupání v jednom z umělých bazénů. Původce epidemie, ze které byly nejprve podezřívány různé bakterie, se podařilo odhalit až po dvou letech od skončení epidemie. Rezervoár améb (dutina za jednou stěnou bazénu) se podařilo najít až za dalších 11 let. Jednalo se nejen o nejhorší českou epidemii z koupacích vod v novodobé historii, ale také o událost unikátní ze světového hlediska - jak co do velikosti epidemie, tak prostředí, kde došlo k nákaze. Závěrem jsou zmíněny nejen dva další sporadické případy PAME z České republiky, ale také osoba i dílo parazitologa Lubora Červy, který se o objasnění ústecké epidemie rozhodující měrou zasloužil. Účelem článku je připomenout tuto mimořádnou událost, kterou již málokdo osobně pamatuje a o které dnes panují nepřesné představy. Riziko PAME může být totiž za určitých podmínek stále aktuální i v České republice.
The outbreak of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAME) occurred in Ústí nad Labem in the first half of the 1960s, where in total 16 young people (age 8 - 25) died in four clusters. Common exposure was swimming in one artificial swimming pool. Various bacteria were originally suspected as the causative infectious agent, but the true pathogen was identified not until 2 years after the outbreak. The reservoir of amoebas (cavern behind the front wall of the pool) was found even later - after another 11 years. It was not only the worst Czech outbreak relating to bathing waters in modern history, but also a unique event from a worldwide perspective due to the extent of the outbreak and also the environment of infection. Finally two additional sporadic cases of PAME in the Czech Republic are mentioned as well as the work of parasitologist Lubor Červa, who had the greatest merit in elucidating the cause of the outbreak. The purpose of this paper is to recall this extraordinary event, which is remembered by few people nowadays and some false notions are circulating. The risk of PAME may be still topical under certain conditions in the Czech Republic.
Článek popisuje havárii vodovodu ve středních Čechách, ke které došlo v létě 2017. V jedné části obce, která zahrnuje asi 40 nedávno postavených rodinných domů, tekla po krátkém přerušení dodávky vody (způsobeném výpadkem elektřiny) z vodovodu nejprve voda zelené barvy (díky řasám) a v následujících týdnech opakovaně voda mikrobiálně kontaminovaná (E. coli a koliformní bakterie). Mohlo onemocnět asi 20 osob, ale lékařsky dokumentován byl jen jeden případ hospitalizovaného dítěte. Téměř měsíc byla voda prohlášena za nepitnou. Provozovateli vodovodu se ani přes opakovaná opatření (proplachy sítě a její dezinfekce) nedařilo dosáhnout nápravy, ani odhalit příčinu, za níž považoval nezákonné propojení vodovodu se soukromou studnou. Až když vypozoroval, že se kontaminace zhoršuje po suchých a horkých dnech, začal v dané lokalitě systematicky prověřovat způsoby zavlažování zahrad. Zjistilo se, že majitel jednoho domu čerpal na závlahu vodu ze sousedního potoka a toto závlahové potrubí bylo propojeno nejen se studnou, ale i s vodovodem a čerpadlo z potoka mělo takový výkon, že přetlačilo povrchovou vodu až do veřejného vodovodu v dané lokalitě.
The paper describes a water quality incident in a small public water supply in Central Bohemia in the summer of 2017. People living in one part of the village consisting of about 40 recently built family houses experienced a short supply break (due to a blackout) and afterwards they received green-coloured tap water (due to algae) and later repeatedly microbiologically contaminated water (E. coli and coliforms). It might have resulted in about 20 illnesses, but medically confirmed was only one case of a child hospitalized. Water was banned to drink by the Public Health Authority for about a month. The water supply operator could not - in spite of repeated measures (flushing, disinfection) - restore safe water quality, nor to reveal the cause of contamination. An illegal connection between a private well and the public supply was suspected. Within one month they noticed that water contamination is worse after dry and hot days and started a systematic examination of garden irrigation practices in the affected area. Finally it was found that the owner of one house took irrigation water also from the adjacent brook and that his piping was interconnected not only with his private well, but also with the public supply and that the pump used had pressure enough to introduce surface water in to the public water mains.
- MeSH
- pitná voda * MeSH
- zásobování vodou MeSH
- znečištění vody * MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
A survey was conducted in the Czech Republic to determine whether serological responses to the 15/17-kDa and 27-kDa Cryptosporidium antigens had changed since the end of the communist era and if these responses were associated with drinking water sources. Sera from 301 blood donors residing in six areas served by various sources of drinking water were analysed by Western Blot (mini-immunoblots) to measure the IgG response. The intensity of response and percentage of persons with a strong response to the 27-kDa, but not the 15/17-kDa, antigen were higher than found 20 years earlier. A strong response to both the 15/17- and 27-kDa-antigens was higher than reported in other countries, and the probability of persons having a strong response was greater in areas with surface water sources than river-bank infiltration. Few cases of cryptosporidiosis were reported in spite of these high responses to Cryptosporidium antigens. These responses suggest a chronic low-level exposure from several sources that may be affording protection against symptoms and illness. Although strong serological responses were associated with surface water sources, drinking water is not likely to be the most important exposure for Cryptosporidium in the Czech Republic.
- MeSH
- Cryptosporidium * MeSH
- kryptosporidióza * MeSH
- mikrobiologie vody * MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- pitná voda mikrobiologie MeSH
- séroepidemiologické studie MeSH
- zásobování vodou statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Článek podává souhrnné informace o možných zdravotních a hygienických rizicích spojených s návštìvou pøírodních koupališś. Pojednává pøedevším o patogenních mikroorganismech, sinicích a cerkáriové dermatitidì. V závìru jsou uvedena základní nápravná opatøení.
The article presents a review of potential public health risks linked with bathing in natural water pools. It primarily deals with pathogenic organisms, cyanobacteria and cerkaria dermatitis, and concludes with basic remedial measures.
- MeSH
- alergická kontaktní dermatitida mikrobiologie parazitologie MeSH
- chemické znečištění vody analýza MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- koupací pláže MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiologie vody MeSH
- Schistosoma izolace a purifikace patogenita MeSH
- sinice chemie izolace a purifikace patogenita MeSH
- sladká voda mikrobiologie MeSH
- znečištění vody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
V období let 1995–2005 byla v Èeské republice hlášena jediná epidemie, kde se voda ke koupání podílela jako cesta pøenosu. Šlo o pseudomonádovou dermatitidu z whirlpoolu. Èlánek se však zamýšlí i nad dalšími nemocemi, které se v souvislosti s koupáním vyskytují èasovì nebo lokálnì ve zvýšené míøe (napø. molluscum contagiosum nebo cerkáriová dermatitida), ale protože nejde o povinnì hlášené nemoci, neexistuje pøehled o jejich výskytu.
Over the years 1995–2005 there has been reported only a single epidemic which involved recreational water in its transmission. In question was a pseudomonad dermatitis in a whirlpool. Brought up is also the question of other diseases that in connection with bathing have a higher incidence locally or in time (e.g. molluscum contagiosum or cercarial dermatitis) which, however, due to that they are not subject to mandatory reporting, offer no clear picture of their occurrence.
Serological responses to Cryptosporidium-specific antigens (15/17 and 27 kDa) were compared among populations in four areas of the Czech Republic that use drinking water from clearly defined sources: (1) wells in a fractured sandstone aquifer, (2) riverbank infiltration, or (3) two different filtered and chlorinated surface waters. Among persons surveyed in the area with riverbank-infiltration water, 33% had a strong serological response to the 15/17-kDa antigen group whereas, in the other three areas, over 72% of persons had a strong response. These response differences suggest that Cryptosporidium exposures and infection were lower in the area with bank infiltration. The large percentage of the study population with a strong serological response to both antigens suggests high levels of previous infections that may have resulted in protective immunity for cryptosporidiosis. This may be one reason why no waterborne cryptosporidiosis outbreaks and few cases of cryptosporidiosis have been reported in the Czech Republic.
- MeSH
- Cryptosporidium imunologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- kryptosporidióza epidemiologie imunologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- protilátky protozoální krev MeSH
- séroepidemiologické studie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
