The aim of this study was to introduce suitable imaging technique and analytical methods for a detailed description of the facial movements in relation to sexual dimorphism and age in adult individuals. Removing of size factor from the analysis, we hypothesised that there will be no significant intersexual difference in facial mobility. We assume facial movements to be more pronounced in the older age category due to increasing the facial surface. We have compared five facial movements - raising eyebrows, closing eyes, pursing of the lips, inflating of the cheeks and smile - in relation to neutral expression of the human face. The material sample comprised three-dimensional facial surface models of healthy adult individuals of the Czech nationality (63 females, 58 males). Methods of geometric morphometry and multivariate statistics were used. Local tissue motion due to facial movements was expressed using colour-coded maps. The movement showing significant intersexual difference was inflating of the cheeks. Ageing in both sexes has significantly influenced the facial mobility on average after 50 years of age. Changes related to senescence have occurred in eye closing, smile and inflating of the cheeks. An enlarged facial surface has been noted in the group of individuals belonging to the older age category, what is probably the result of increased manifestation of skin folds and wrinkles. This is related to the loss of skin elasticity and overall weakening of the underlying muscles, especially in the infraorbital and cheeks area.
- MeSH
- analýza rozptylu MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- modely anatomické MeSH
- obličej anatomie a histologie MeSH
- pohlavní dimorfismus * MeSH
- pohyb MeSH
- stárnutí patologie fyziologie MeSH
- výraz obličeje * MeSH
- zobrazování trojrozměrné MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
OBJECTIVES: This prospective morphometric study evaluated the growth of the upper dental arch in UCLP patients after early neonatal cheiloplasty and compared the selected dimensions with published data on non-cleft controls and on later operation protocol patients. METHODS: The sample comprised 36 Czech children with nonsyndromic complete UCLP (cUCLP) and 20 Czech children with nonsyndromic incomplete UCLP (UCLP + b). 2-D and 3-D analyses of palatal casts were made at two time points: before neonatal cheiloplasty at the mean age of 3 days (±1 day), and 10 months after surgery at the mean age of 10 months (±1 month). RESULTS: The upper dental arch of cUCLP and UCLP + b patients showed similar developmental changes, but the cleft type influenced growth significantly. The initial high shape variability in cUCLP patients diminished after 10 months, and approached the variability in UCLP + b patients. Both the width and length dimensions increased after surgery. Important growth concerned the anterior ends of both segments. The width and length dimensions illustrated similar growth trends with non-cleft controls and UCLP patients who underwent later cheiloplasty. CONCLUSION: Early neonatal cheiloplasty caused no reduction in the length or width dimensions during the first year of life. Our data suggest a reconstructed lip has a natural formative effect on the actively growing anterior parts of upper dental arch segments, which cause narrowing of the alveolar cleft.
- MeSH
- analýza hlavních komponent MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- ortognátní chirurgické výkony * MeSH
- počítačové zpracování obrazu MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- rozštěp patra chirurgie MeSH
- rozštěp rtu chirurgie MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- zobrazování trojrozměrné MeSH
- zubní modely * MeSH
- zubní oblouk růst a vývoj MeSH
- Check Tag
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
During the past twelve centuries, the stature of Central European inhabitants has increased significantly with corresponding changes in the size of lower limb bones. The aim of our study was to determine whether these changes have occurred strictly in relation to size or if the shape of skeletal structures has been altered simultaneously. Diachronic size and shape changes in the proximal part of tibia in a Central European population (Czech Republic) were studied using geometric morphometrics (principal components analysis, Hotelling's test, linear discriminant analysis). The study sample consisted of 183 three-dimensional (3D) models of adult tibiae dating to the early Middle Ages (N=65), early 20th century (N=60), and from a modern Czech population (N=57). A positive secular trend in size manifested only between the two modern Czech populations (the 20th century vs. the 21st century), a time range shorter than one century. By contrast, landmark-based shape analyses revealed significant differences in tibial morphology over the three periods covered in the study. In particular, progressive changes were observed in the position of tibial tuberosity (shifted medially), the inclination of the line connecting tuberosity with anterior edge of the tibial plateau (sloped down), the reshaping of the lower back condyle boundary (shifted posteriorly), and reshaping of the medial contour of the medial condyle (shifted anteriorly). Changes in the shape of the proximal tibial extremity across the chronologically distinct groups indicated the existence of discreet but convincing microevolutionary trends involving this anatomical structure.
- MeSH
- antropologie fyzická MeSH
- biologická evoluce MeSH
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- dějiny 21. století MeSH
- dějiny středověku MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- modely anatomické MeSH
- paleontologie MeSH
- počítačová rentgenová tomografie MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- tibie anatomie a histologie diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- zobrazování trojrozměrné MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- dějiny 21. století MeSH
- dějiny středověku MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the advantages of dense surface models in the evaluation of surgical-assisted rapid maxillary expansion's effect (SARME) on palatal morphology. Furthermore, we compared the palatal surface before (T1) and after (T2) therapy with controls. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION: Surgical-assisted rapid maxillary expansion's effect group of 15 adult patients (Le Fort I and midpalatal sagittal osteotomy, hyrax screw) and 50 adult individuals. Patients were treated in General Faculty Hospital, Prague. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty plaster casts were digitized using a three-dimensional laser scanner and evaluated using traditional and geometric morphometrics. RESULTS: An unpaired Student's t-test on the controls and the SARME T1 group revealed significant differences in all width measurements. Between the controls and the SARME T2 group, significant differences were only related to the interdental angle between the first molars and particularly to the palatal height. The most remarkable differences between the pre- and post-treatment palatal morphology were a widening of the dental arch and buccal shift of the lateral teeth associated with apparent flattening of the alveolar crest. CONCLUSIONS: Dense surface model provided descriptive visualization of the treatment effect and was helpful in the evaluation of palatal shape variability including detection of the most difficult patients. Correction of the dental arch width discrepancy by SARME was successfully achieved. After therapy, palatal shape variability of most of the patients was comparable to the variability of the control group.
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- maxila MeSH
- moláry MeSH
- techniky palatinální expanze * MeSH
- zubní oblouk chirurgie MeSH
- zuby MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
PURPOSE: To evaluate the facial morphology of pre-school patients with various types of orofacial cleft after neonatal cheiloplasty in pre-school aged children; and to compare facial variability and mean shape with age-corresponding healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample included 40 patients with unilateral cleft lip (CL), 22 patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), and 10 patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP). Patients were divided into two age categories, with a mean age of 3 years and 4.5 years, respectively. The group of healthy age-matched controls contained 60 individuals. Three-dimensional virtual facial models were evaluated using geometric morphometry and multivariate statistics methods. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found between each of the cleft groups and the controls. Color-coded maps showed facial shape deviations, which were located mainly in the nasal area and philtrum in all groups examined, and also in the buccal region and the chin in patients with UCLP or BCLP. These differences became more apparent, but not significantly so, in the older age category. CONCLUSION: Facial deviations typical of patients with clefts were observed in all of the patient groups examined. Although the analysis showed statistically significant differences in overall facial shape between patients and controls among all groups tested, the facial morphology in patients who have undergone only neonatal cheiloplasty (CL) is influenced to a small extent and may be considered satisfactory. More severe cleft types (UCLP, BCLP) together with palatoplasty, are reflected in more marked impairments in facial shape.
- MeSH
- anatomická značka MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- maxilofaciální vývoj * MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- rozštěp patra chirurgie MeSH
- rozštěp rtu chirurgie MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- zobrazování trojrozměrné * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate sexual dimorphism of facial form and shape and to describe differences between the average female and male face from 12 to 15 years. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION: Overall 120 facial scans from healthy Caucasian children (17 boys, 13 girls) were longitudinally evaluated over a 4-year period between the ages of 12 and 15 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Facial surface scans were obtained using a three-dimensional optical scanner Vectra-3D. Variation in facial shape and form was evaluated using geometric morphometric and statistical methods (DCA, PCA and permutation test). Average faces were superimposed, and the changes were evaluated using colour-coded maps. RESULTS: There were no significant sex differences (p > 0.05) in shape in any age category and no differences in form in the 12- and 13-year-olds, as the female faces were within the area of male variability. From the age of 14, a slight separation occurred, which was statistically confirmed. The differences were mainly associated with size. Generally boys had more prominent eyebrow ridges, more deeply set eyes, a flatter cheek area, and a more prominent nose and chin area. CONCLUSION: The development of facial sexual dimorphism during pubertal growth is connected with ontogenetic allometry.
- MeSH
- analýza hlavních komponent MeSH
- anatomická variace MeSH
- brada anatomie a histologie MeSH
- čelo anatomie a histologie MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- fotogrammetrie metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- longitudinální studie MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- nos anatomie a histologie MeSH
- obličej anatomie a histologie MeSH
- obočí anatomie a histologie MeSH
- oči anatomie a histologie MeSH
- optické zobrazování metody MeSH
- pohlavní dimorfismus * MeSH
- puberta fyziologie MeSH
- ret anatomie a histologie MeSH
- tvář anatomie a histologie MeSH
- ústa anatomie a histologie MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- zobrazování trojrozměrné metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Sexual dimorphism is responsible for a substantial part of human facial variability, the study of which is essential for many scientific fields ranging from evolution to special biomedical topics. Our aim was to analyse the relationship between size variability and shape facial variability of sexual traits in the young adult Central European population and to construct average surface models of adult males and females. The method of geometric morphometrics allowed not only the identification of dimorphic traits, but also the evaluation of static allometry and the visualisation of sexual facial differences. Facial variability in the studied sample was characterised by a strong relationship between facial size and shape of sexual dimorphic traits. Large size of face was associated with facial elongation and vice versa. Regarding shape sexual dimorphic traits, a wide, vaulted and high forehead in combination with a narrow and gracile lower face were typical for females. Variability in shape dimorphic traits was smaller in females compared to males. For female classification, shape sexual dimorphic traits are more important, while for males the stronger association is with face size. Males generally had a closer inter-orbital distance and a deeper position of the eyes in relation to the facial plane, a larger and wider straight nose and nostrils, and more massive lower face. Using pseudo-colour maps to provide a detailed schematic representation of the geometrical differences between the sexes, we attempted to clarify the reasons underlying the development of such differences.
- MeSH
- analýza metodou konečných prvků MeSH
- čelo anatomie a histologie MeSH
- faciální stigmatizace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- modely anatomické MeSH
- nos anatomie a histologie MeSH
- oči anatomie a histologie MeSH
- pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
- zobrazování trojrozměrné MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
This article presents an approach for estimating the sexual dimorphism of adult crania using three-dimensional geometric morphometric methods. The study sample consisted of 139 crania of known sex (73 males and 66 females) belonging to persons who lived during the first half of the 20th century in Bohemia. The three-dimensional co-ordinates of 82 ecto-cranial landmarks and 39 semi-landmarks covering the midsagittal curve of the cranial vault were digitised using a MicroScribe G2X contact digitiser. The purposes of the investigation were to define the regions of the cranium where sexual dimorphism is most pronounced and to investigate the effectiveness of this method for determining sex from the shape of the cranium. The results demonstrate that it is better to analyse apportionable parts of the cranium rather than the cranium as a whole. Significant sexual differences (significance was determined using multivariate analysis of variance) were noted in the shape of the midsagittal curve of the vault, upper face, the region of the nose, orbits, and palate. No differences were recorded either in the shape of the cranium as a whole or in the regions of the base and the neurocranium. The greatest accuracy in determining sex was found in the region of the upper face (100% of study subjects correctly classified) and the midsagittal curve of the vault (99% of study subjects correctly classified).
- MeSH
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lebka anatomie a histologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- multivariační analýza MeSH
- nos anatomie a histologie MeSH
- obličej anatomie a histologie MeSH
- orbita anatomie a histologie MeSH
- patro anatomie a histologie MeSH
- pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- teoretické modely MeSH
- určení pohlaví podle kostry MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
Studie je založena na longitudinálním kraniometrickém sledování teleRTG snímků u pacientů s celkovým jednostranným rozštěpem rtu a patra v období puberty. Na laterálních snímcích 25 pacientů se stejnou diagnózou i terapií byly stanoveny x, y koordináty celkem 22 landmarků, které byly vstupními daty pro analýzu tvaru. Tvarové změny obličeje mezi 10. a 15. rokem věku pacientů se hodnotily metodou deformace ohebných pásků (TPS). Pomocí TPS jsme hledali funkci, která transformuje tvar obličeje v 10 letech spolu s čtvercovou TPSsítí do tvaru obličeje v 15 letech s deformovanou TPSsítí. Pomocí metody Geometrická PCA pro Booksteinovy souřadnice jsme vytipovali tvarově odlišné jedince, kteří se během puberty vyvíjejí neobvykle, jejich vývoj je slabě predikovatelný. Obličej se během puberty relativně protahuje. Nejvýraznější deformaci způsobuje posun první dolní trvalé stoličky mesiálním směrem, neboli relativní zkrácení přední části hloubky zubních oblouků. Anteriorním směrem se změnila poloha landmarků pouze v okolí nosu, alveolární výběžek vykazuje retruzi. Poloha dolní čelisti se vůči maxile mění především inferiorním směrem, dochází k posteriornímu posunu úhlu dolní čelisti. Tvar skeletálního profilu byl srovnán se souborem pacientů se stejnou diagnózou, ale částečně rozdílnou terapií.
The study is based on a longitudinal cephalometric follow-up of X-ray films of patients with a complete unilateral cleft lip and palate during puberty. Carthesian x, y coordinates of the total of 22 landmarks on the lateral films of 25 patients with the same diagnosis and therapy were established, which served as outcome data for shape analysis. The changes in facial shape experienced by patients between their 10th and 15th year were evaluated by the thin-plate splines (TPS) method. We used the TPS method to find a function which transforms the shape of the face at the age of 10 as well as the square TPS grid into the facial shape at the age of 15 years with the deformed TPS grid. With the help of Geometric PCA for Bookstein’s coordinates we found individuals with different shapes who develop abnormally during puberty and whose development is not well predictable. During puberty the face becomes relatively elongated.The most pronounced deformation is caused by the shift of the first permanent molar anteriorly, or a relative shortening of the frontal part of the dental arch. In the anterior direction the position of landmarks changed only in the area of nose; the alveolar process shows retrusion. The position of the mandible in relation to the maxilla change mainly in the inferior direction; the mandibular angle shifts posteriorly. The shape of skeletal profile was compared with a group of patients with the same diagnosis who underwent different therapy.
- MeSH
- antropometrie metody přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- longitudinální studie MeSH
- nosní přepážka abnormality chirurgie MeSH
- rozštěp patra chirurgie MeSH
- rozštěp rtu chirurgie MeSH
- tvář anatomie a histologie chirurgie MeSH
- zákroky plastické chirurgie metody využití MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
W. A. Mozart zemřel na následky vytvořeného chronického epidurálního hematomu po tupém úrazu lebky, zřejmě v mládí. Exacerbace procesu, opakující se během řady let, se projevovaly horečnatým onemocněním, projevy meningeálního dráždění a úpornými bolestmi hlavy. Vždy po uklidnění ataky se po určité době onemocnění znovu ozývalo. Po posledním vzplanutí zřejmě infikovaného ložiska Mozart dne 5. prosince 1791 zemřel. Z historických zpráv o chování skladatele můžeme uvažovat i o vývinu temporálního syndromu nebo temporální epilepsie s typickými klinickými projevy.
W. A. Mozart died due to the consequences of chronic epidural hematoma after sustaining a dull injury to his head, probably at an early age. Exacerbation of the process was repeated over a period of many years and manifested itself as pyrexial disease, meningeal irritation with intense headaches. After the attack subsided, the illness manifested itself again. After the last attack of the likely infected nidus, Mozart died on December 5, 1791. Historic data about the composer’s behavior indicate development of a temporal syndrome or temporal epilepsy with typical clinical manifestations.
