Dôsledný prístup lekára k antikoagulačnej liečbe je zásadným faktorom ovplyvňujúcim úspešnosť primárnej a sekundárnej prevencie ischemickej cievnej mozgovej príhody. V klinickej praxi neurológ rieši otázku antikoagulačnej liečby predovšetkým u pacientov s cievnou mozgovou príhodou, či už došlo k jej vzniku na liečbe antikoagulanciami, alebo vznikla u pacienta bez antikoagulačnej terapie, no diagnostický proces odhalil etiologický faktor vyžadujúci takýto typ liečby. Obzvlášť náročné je rozhodovanie o načasovaní antikoagulačnej liečby po príhode. Dôležitý je aj výber konkrétneho preparátu, jeho dávkovanie a zváženie individuálnych rizikových faktorov.

A consistent approach to anticoagulant therapy is a crucial factor influencing the success of primary and secondary prevention of ischaemic stroke. In clinical practice, neurologists deal with anticoagulant treatment mainly in patients who have experienced a stroke, whether it occurred during anticoagulant therapy or in those without such treatment but an etiological factor requiring anticoagulation was identified during the diagnostic process. Deciding on the timing of anticoagulant therapy after stroke is particularly challenging. Equally important is the choice of a drug, its dosage, and consideration of individual risk factors.

• MeSH
• Anticoagulation Bridge classification   methods   MeSH
• Anticoagulants * pharmacology   classification   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Dabigatran pharmacology   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Atrial Fibrillation diagnosis   drug therapy   MeSH
• Ischemic Stroke * diagnosis   drug therapy   prevention & control   MeSH
• Rivaroxaban pharmacology   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Warfarin pharmacology   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

Proximal femur fractures (PFF) pose a major challenge in elderly patients with severe comorbidities and receiving antithrombotic therapy since according to the latest guidelines the surgery should be performed as soon as possible, preferably within 24 hours, to reduce mortality and morbidity. This review outlines the practical approach to surgical management of PFF that relies on increasing evidence of safety of early surgery in patients with PFF receiving antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy. We have also used information from the existing evidence-based guidelines for elective/planned surgery in patients with antithrombotic therapy. The practical approach can be summarised as follows: • Antiplatelet therapy - discontinuation of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and clopidogrel in monotherapy or in combination is not necessary prior to surgery. In case of bleeding, antifibrinolytic therapy is recommended as well as administration of platelet concentrate which is rarely needed. • In patients taking warfarin, reversal of its effects is recommended by early administration of vitamin K to allow surgery to be performed within 24 hours. Prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) as a second-line drug is reserved for extreme cases only. Warfarin therapy is resumed 24 hours after surgery. • Direct oral anticoagulants must be discontinued 24-48 hours prior to surgery, possibly longer depending on the type of drug, time of administration of the last dose, and renal function. In extreme cases, an antidote (idarucizumab, off-label andexanet) can be administered prior to surgery, or PCC in case they are unavailable. Anticoagulation therapy is resumed in 24-48 hours. • Neuraxial anaesthesia is possible when ASA is taken by the patient and in case of effective warfarin reversal. • In early surgery and rapid restart of anticoagulant therapy, bridging therapy with LMWH is not indicated except for in cases with extreme risk of thrombosis. Key words: proximal femur fracture, antiplatelet therapy, anticoagulant therapy, perioperative management.

• MeSH
• Anticoagulants * adverse effects   administration & dosage   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Aspirin adverse effects   therapeutic use   administration & dosage   MeSH
• Femoral Fractures surgery   MeSH
• Proximal Femoral Fractures MeSH
• Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors * adverse effects   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Warfarin adverse effects   therapeutic use   administration & dosage   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• English Abstract MeSH
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

BACKGROUND: Strokes after left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) prophylaxis are generally less severe than those after warfarin prophylaxis-thought to be secondary to more hemorrhagic strokes with warfarin. Hemorrhagic strokes are similarly infrequent with direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) prophylaxis, so the primary subtype after either LAAC or DOAC prophylaxis is ischemic stroke (IS). OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare the severity of IS using the modified Rankin Scale in atrial fibrillation patients receiving prophylaxis with DOACs vs LAAC. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of consecutive patients undergoing LAAC at 8 centers who developed an IS (ISLAAC) compared with contemporaneous consecutive patients who developed IS during treatment with DOACs (ISDOAC). The primary outcome was disabling/fatal stroke (modified Rankin Scale 3-5) at discharge and 3 months later. RESULTS: Compared with ISDOAC patients (n = 322), ISLAAC patients (n = 125) were older (age 77.2 ± 13.4 years vs 73.1 ± 11.9 years; P = 0.002), with higher HAS-BLED scores (3.0 vs 2.0; P = 0.004) and more frequent prior bleeding events (54.4% vs 23.6%; P < 0.001), but similar CHA2DS2-VASc scores (5.0 vs 5.0; P = 0.28). Strokes were less frequently disabling/fatal with ISLAAC than ISDOAC at both hospital discharge (38.3% vs 70.3%; P < 0.001) and 3 months later (33.3% vs 56.2%; P < 0.001). Differences in stroke severity persisted after propensity score matching. By multivariate regression analysis, ISLAAC was independently associated with fewer disabling/fatal strokes at discharge (OR: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.13-0.39; P < 0.001) and 3 months (OR: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.12-0.50; P < 0.001), and fewer deaths at 3 months (OR: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.12-0.64; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Ischemic strokes in patients with atrial fibrillation are less often disabling or fatal with LAAC than DOAC prophylaxis.

• MeSH
• Anticoagulants adverse effects   MeSH
• Stroke * epidemiology   etiology   prevention & control   MeSH
• Atrial Fibrillation * complications   drug therapy   surgery   MeSH
• Hemorrhagic Stroke * chemically induced   complications   drug therapy   MeSH
• Ischemic Stroke * chemically induced   complications   drug therapy   MeSH
• Hemorrhage chemically induced   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Retrospective Studies MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Left Atrial Appendage Closure MeSH
• Treatment Outcome MeSH
• Warfarin adverse effects   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

• Keywords
• sulodexid, apixaban,
• MeSH
• Anticoagulants * pharmacology   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Varicose Ulcer * drug therapy   nursing   MeSH
• Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive MeSH
• Diosmin pharmacology   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Erysipelas drug therapy   MeSH
• Glycosaminoglycans pharmacology   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Wound Healing MeSH
• Hyperbaric Oxygenation methods   MeSH
• Respiratory Tract Infections etiology   drug therapy   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Penicillin G pharmacology   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Pyrazoles pharmacology   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Pyridones pharmacology   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Rivaroxaban pharmacology   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Warfarin adverse effects   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Case Reports MeSH

Antikoagulancia jsou významnou terapeutickou skupinou léčiv uplatňující se v prevenci i léčbě tromboembolických onemocnění. Navzdory jejich širokému využití zůstává nezodpovězena řada otázek týkajících se jejich dávkování u stále rostoucí skupiny obézních pacientů. Publikované studie naznačují vhodnost navýšení profylaktických dávek parenterálních antikoagulancií, i když pro nejvíce studovaný enoxaparin nacházíme v literatuře rozdílná doporučení vedoucí k výrazným rozdílům ve stanovené dávce pro pacienty s vyšším stupněm obezity. V případě terapeutické dávky enoxaparinu je vhodné ponechat standardní dávku 1 mg/kg 2× denně až do hmotnosti cca 150 kg. Narůstající zkušenosti s podáním přímých perorálních antikoagulancií u obézních pacientů s fibrilací síní ukazují srovnatelnou účinnost a bezpečnost s neobézními, pro léčbu a prevenci TEN jsou preferovány rivaroxaban a apixaban. Samostatnou problematiku představuje podání perorálních antikoagulancií po bariatrických výkonech, vhodnou volbou zejména krátce po operaci jsou nízkomolekulární hepariny či apixaban. Při výběru léčiva a jeho dávky u pacienta s obezitou je vždy nutné kromě hmotnosti či BMI zohlednit i další faktory, jako je věk, polypragmazie a stav eliminačních funkcí a je vhodné využít stanovení příslušných koagulačních parametrů, případně hladin léčiv.

Anticoagulants are an important therapeutic group of drugs used in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disease. Despite their widespread use, many questions remain unanswered regarding their dosage in the growing group of obese patients. Published studies indicate that an increase in prophylactic dose of parenteral anticoagulants may be appropriate, although for the most studied drug, enoxaparin, various recommendations lead to significant dosing differences for patients with higher degree of obesity. Therapeutic dosing of enoxaparin should be kept at the standard 1 mg/kg twice daily up to the weight of approx. 150 kg. The growing experience with direct oral anticoagulants in obese patients with atrial fibrillation shows comparable efficacy and safety, rivaroxaban and apixaban are preferred for treatment and prevention of thromboembolic disease. Anticoagulation after bariatric surgery represents a unique challenge, and low molecular weight heparins or apixaban are drugs of choice, especially shortly after the surgery. In addition to weight or BMI, other factors such as age, polypharmacy and elimination functions must always be considered when deciding on the appropriate drug and dose in a patient with obesity, and it is advisable to assess relevant coagulation parameters, and in same cases also drug levels.

• MeSH
• Anticoagulants * administration & dosage   pharmacology   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Bariatric Surgery MeSH
• Atrial Fibrillation complications   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Obesity MeSH
• Thromboembolism prevention & control   MeSH
• Warfarin administration & dosage   pharmacology   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH

Úvod: Epistaxe je cévní krvácení v oblasti nosní sliznice. Antikoagulační terapie zvyšuje četnost záchytu epistaxe. Antikoagulancia se dle účinku dělí na přímá a nepřímá. Přímá antikoagulancia jsou především NOAC (novel oral anticoagulants). Do skupiny nepřímých antikoagulancií řadíme warfarin. Metodika: Retrospektivní studie hodnotí přínos zavedení NOAC pro otorinolaryngologii v souvislosti se vznikem závažné epistaxe. Srovnává počet hospitalizovaných dospělých pacientů s epistaxí v průběhu 6 let při léčbě warfarinem a NOAC, kteří byli hospitalizováni s epistaxí na ORL oddělení Krajské nemocnice Tomáše Bati (KNTB) ve Zlíně v letech 2017–2022. Dále byl sledován věk pacientů a pohlaví. Závažnost epistaxe byla hodnocena ve vztahu k použité nosní tamponádě a celkové anestezii. Byl popsán vztah s daty Státního ústavu pro kontrolu léčiv (SÚKL) o počtu vydaných antikoagulačních léčiv. Výsledky: Během 6 let bylo pro epistaxi hospitalizováno celkem 221 pacientů, 32 užívalo warfarin a 20 NOAC. Průměrný věk pacientů s antikoagulační léčbou byl 78 let, v zastoupení 61,5 % mužů a 38,5 % žen. V průběhu let vidíme pokles počtu epistaxí u pacientů s warfarinem, s NOAC je počet stacionární. Dle statistiky SÚKL o dodaných preparátech do lékáren v roce 2017 a 2022 došlo ke snížení preskripce warfarinu o 44 % a naopak ke zvýšení NOAC až o 170 %. Závěr: Poklesem preskripce warfarinu pozorujeme snížený počet hospitalizací se závažnou epistaxí s tímto typem léčby. Naopak nárůst antikoagulační terapie preparáty ze skupiny NOAC nevede ke zvýšení záchytu epistaxí, z čehož profituje i ORL obor.

Introduction: Epistaxis is vascular bleeding in the area of the nasal mucosa. Anticoagulation therapy increases the incidence of epistaxis. Anticoagulants are divided into direct and indirect depending on their effects. Direct anticoagulants are primarily novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs). Warfarin belongs to the group of indirect anticoagulants. Methodology: The retrospective study evaluates the benefit of the introduction of NOACs for otorhinolaryngology in connection with the occurrence of severe epistaxis. A comparison was done of the number of hospitalized adult patients with epistaxis over the course of 6 years during warfarin and NOAC treatment who were hospitalized with epistaxis at the ENT department of KNTB in Zlín between 2017–2022. The patient’s age and gender were also monitored. The severity of epistaxis was evaluated in relation to the used nasal packing and general anesthesia. The relationship with SÚKL data on the number of issued anticoagulant drugs is described. Results: During 6 years, a total of 221 patients were hospitalized for epistaxis, 32 were taking warfarin, and 20 were taking NOACs. The average age of patients with anticoagulant treatment was 78 years, represented by 61.5% men and 38.5% women. Over the years, we see a decrease in the number of epistaxis cases in warfarin patients; with NOACs the number is stationary. According to SÚKL statistics on preparations delivered to pharmacies in 2017 and 2022, there was a decrease in the prescription of warfarin by 44%; on the contrary, an increase of NOAC was up to 170%. Conclusion: With the decrease in the prescription of warfarin, we observe a reduced number of hospitalizations with severe epistaxis with this type of treatment. On the contrary, the increase in anticoagulation therapy with preparations from the NOAC group does not lead to an increase in the incidence of epistaxis, which also benefits the ENT field.

• MeSH
• Anticoagulants * pharmacology   classification   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Epistaxis * diagnosis   drug therapy   MeSH
• Hospitalization MeSH
• Drug Prescriptions MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Retrospective Studies MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Endotamponade classification   methods   MeSH
• Warfarin pharmacology   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH

Antikoagulační terapie zabraňuje různými mechanismy genezi trombinu a následné přeměny fibrinogenu na fibrin. Heparin je parenterálně aplikované antikoagulancium, které po aktivaci antitrombinu nepřímo blokuje trombotický účinek trombinu. Mezi injekčně podávaná antikoagulancia patří dále nízkomolekulární hepariny (LMWH) a fondaparinux, které nepřímo, za účasti antitrombinu, inhibují aktivovaný F Xa. Mezi perorální antikoagulancia (OAC) řadíme warfarin, který potlačuje tvorbu funkčních prokoagulačních faktorů závislých na vitaminu K (protrombinu, F VII, F IX a F X), a tzv. přímá perorální antikoagulancia (DOAC), která vyvolávají buď přímou inhibici trombinu (dabigatran etexilát), nebo přímou inhibici aktivovaného F Xa (apixaban, edoxaban, rivaroxaban).

Anticoagulation therapy prevents the generation of thrombin and the subsequent conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by various mechanisms. Heparin is a parenterally administered anticoagulant that indirectly blocks the thrombotic effect of thrombin after activation of antithrombin. Injectable anticoagulants also include low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) and fondaparinux, which indirectly, with the participation of antithrombin, inhibit activated F Xa. Oral anticoagulants (OACs) include warfarin, which suppresses the formation of functional procoagulation factors dependent on vitamin K (prothrombin, F VII, F IX, and F X), and so-called direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), which cause either direct inhibition of thrombin (dabigatran etexilate) or direct inhibition of activated F Xa (apixaban, edoxaban, rivaroxaban).

• Keywords
• přímá orální antikoagulancia (DOAC),
• MeSH
• Anticoagulants * administration & dosage   classification   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Administration, Oral MeSH
• Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight administration & dosage   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Drug Costs MeSH
• Thromboembolism prevention & control   MeSH
• Warfarin administration & dosage   pharmacology   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Review MeSH

Fibrilace síní a chronické onemocnění ledvin jsou silně interagující onemocnění běžná ve vyšším věku. Jejich kombinace signifikantně zvyšuje morbiditu a mortalitu, obzvlášť kvůli jejich vlivu na riziko cévní mozkové příhody. Nová (přímá) orální antikoagulancia (NOAC/DOAC) jsou obecně doporučována jako léky první volby pro prevenci cévní mozkové příhody u pacientů s fibrilací síní a existuje rovněž dostatečná evidence pro pacienty s mírnou nebo střední redukcí renální funkce. Nicméně užití této léčby u pacientů se závažnou redukcí renální funkce je stále kontroverzní. Tento článek přináší přehled současných možností a evidenci vedoucí ke klinickému využití warfarinu a NOAC u pacientů s fibrilací síní a chronickým onemocněním ledvin.

Atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease are strongly interacting diseases common in elderly. This combination significantly increases morbidity and mortality especially due to their impact on stroke risk. Novel (direct) oral anticoagulants (NOACs/DOACs) are generally recommended as first line therapy for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. There is also evidence of effectiveness in patients with mild or moderate reduction of renal function. However, the use of this treatment in patients with seriously reduced renal function is still controversial. This article provides an overview of current options and evidence guiding the clinical use of warfarin and NOACs in patients with atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease

• MeSH
• Anticoagulants * administration & dosage   pharmacology   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Administration, Oral MeSH
• Stroke * prevention & control   MeSH
• Kidney Failure, Chronic epidemiology   MeSH
• Renal Dialysis MeSH
• Atrial Fibrillation epidemiology   MeSH
• Clinical Studies as Topic MeSH
• Creatinine blood   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Warfarin administration & dosage   pharmacology   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

• Keywords
• studie TRAPS,
• MeSH
• Antiphospholipid Syndrome physiopathology   MeSH
• Clinical Studies as Topic * MeSH
• Rivaroxaban pharmacology   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Warfarin pharmacology   therapeutic use   MeSH

Zubní lekári sa bežne stretávajú s pacientmi užívajúcimi perorálne antitrombotiká, ktorí vyžadujú invazívne dentálne výkony. Hoci antitrombotiká môžu spôsobiť zvýšené krvácanie, existuje konsenzus, že liečebné režimy s protidoštičkovými liekmi, staršími antikoagulanciami (warfarín) a priamymi perorálnymi antikoagulanciami by sa pred rutinnými dentálnymi výkonmi nemali meniť, keď je riziko krvácania nízke. Trombembolické riziko pri ich prerušení pravdepodobne prevažuje nad potenciálnymi krvácavými komplikáciami spojenými s chirurgickým výkonom. Riziká pozastavenia alebo redukcie týchto liekov sa preto musia zvážiť oproti možným následkom predĺženého krvácania, ktoré možno kontrolovať lokálnymi opatreniami, ako je mechanický tlak, šitie, hemostatiká alebo antifibrinolytiká. Niektorí pacienti, ktorí užívajú antitrombotiká, môžu mať ďalšie komorbidity alebo dostávajú inú liečbu, ktorá môže zvýšiť riziko predĺženého krvácania po dentálnom ošetrení. Ak sa predpokladá, že pacient má vysoké riziko krvácania, zubný lekár by mal zvážiť konzultáciu s ošetrujúcim lekárom pacienta, aby prediskutoval dočasné prerušenie antitrombotickej liečby.

Dentists commonly encounter patients taking oral antithrombotic agents who require invasive dental procedures. Although antithrombotics can cause an increase in bleeding, there is consensus that treatment regimens with antiplatelet agents, older anticoagulants (warfarin) and direct oral anticoagulants should not be altered before routine dental procedures when the risk of bleeding is low. Thromboembolic risk of their discontinuing likely outweighs potential bleeding complications associated with surgery. Therefore, the risks of stopping or reducing these medications must be weighed against the potential consequences of prolonged bleeding, which can be controlled with local measures such as mechanical pressure, suturing, haemostatic agents or antifibrinolytics. Some patients who are taking antithrombotic medications may have additional comorbid conditions or receive other therapy that can increase the risk of prolonged bleeding after dental treatment. Where a patient is believed to be at high bleeding risk, the dentist should consider a consultation with the patient's physician to discuss temporarily discontinuing the antithrombotic therapy.

• MeSH
• Anticoagulation Bridge MeSH
• Anticoagulants adverse effects   MeSH
• Hematologic Agents * pharmacology   adverse effects   MeSH
• Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors pharmacology   adverse effects   MeSH
• Comorbidity MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions MeSH
• Postoperative Hemorrhage chemically induced   epidemiology   nursing   prevention & control   MeSH
• Risk MeSH
• Oral Surgical Procedures * classification   adverse effects   MeSH
• Warfarin adverse effects   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH