OBJECTIVES: To examine the effect of premorbid β-blocker exposure on mortality and organ dysfunction in sepsis. DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. SETTING: ICUs in Australia, the Czech Republic, and the United States. PATIENTS: Total of 4,086 critical care patients above 18 years old with sepsis between January 2014 and December 2018. INTERVENTION: Premorbid beta-blocker exposure. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: One thousand five hundred fifty-six patients (38%) with premorbid β-blocker exposure were identified. Overall ICU mortality rate was 15.1%. In adjusted models, premorbid β-blocker exposure was associated with decreased ICU (adjusted odds ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.66-0.97; p = 0.025) and hospital (adjusted odds ratio, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.71-0.99; p = 0.033) mortality. The risk reduction in ICU mortality of 16% was significant (hazard ratio, 0.84, 95% CI, 0.71-0.99; p = 0.037). In particular, exposure to noncardioselective β-blocker before septic episode was associated with decreased mortality. Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score analysis showed that premorbid β-blocker exposure had potential benefits in reducing respiratory and neurologic dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that β-blocker exposure prior to sepsis, especially to noncardioselective β blockers, may be associated with better outcome. The findings suggest prospective evaluation of β-blocker use in the management of sepsis.

• MeSH
• APACHE MeSH
• beta blokátory škodlivé účinky   farmakologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hodnocení výsledků zdravotní péče metody   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• odds ratio MeSH
• proporcionální rizikové modely MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sepse farmakoterapie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Nový Jižní Wales MeSH
• Spojené státy americké MeSH

BACKGROUND: Variations in drug laws, as well as variations in enforcement practice, exist across jurisdictions. This study explored the feasibility of categorising drug laws "on the books" in terms of their punitiveness, and the extent of their concordance with "laws in practice" in a cross-national comparison. METHODS: "Law on the books", classified with respect to both cannabis and other drug offences in the Czech Republic, NSW (AU) and Florida (USA) were analysed in order to establish an ordinal relationship between the three states. Indicators to assess the "laws in practice" covered both police (arrests) and court (sentencing) activity between 2002 and 2013. Parametric and non-parametric tests of equality of means, tests of stationarity and correlation analysis were used to examine the concordance between the ordinal categorisation of "laws on the books" and "laws in practice", as well as trends over time. RESULTS: The Czech Republic had the most lenient drug laws; Florida had the most punitive and NSW was in-between. Examining the indicators of "laws in practice", we found that the population adjusted number of individuals sentenced to prison ranked across the three states was concordant with categorisation of "laws on the books", but the average sentence length and percentage of court cases sentenced to prison were not. Also, the de jure decriminalisation of drug possession in the Czech Republic yielded a far greater share of administrative offenses than the de facto decriminalisation of cannabis use / possession in NSW. Finally, the mean value of most "laws in practice" indicators changed significantly over time although the "laws on the books" didn't change. CONCLUSIONS: While some indicators of "laws in practice" were concordant with the ordinal categorisation of drug laws, several indicators of "laws in practice" appeared to operate independently from the drug laws as stated. This has significant implications for drug policy analysis and means that research should not assume they are interchangeable and should consider each separately when designing research.

• MeSH
• kouření marihuany zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• policie statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• poruchy spojené s užíváním psychoaktivních látek prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• prosazení zákonů metody   MeSH
• zakázané drogy zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• zákonodárství lékové * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Florida MeSH
• Nový Jižní Wales MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the silver gull as an indicator of environmental contamination by salmonellae and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) in south-east Australia. METHODS: A total of 504 cloacal samples were collected from gull chicks at three nesting colonies in New South Wales, Australia [White Bay (n = 144), Five Islands (n = 200) and Montague Island (n = 160)] and were examined for salmonellae and CPE. Isolates were tested for carbapenemase genes and susceptibility to 14 antibiotics. Clonality was determined by PFGE and MLST. Genetic context and conjugative transfer of the carbapenemase gene were determined. RESULTS: A total of 120 CPE of 10 species, mainly Escherichia coli (n = 85), carrying the gene blaIMP-4, blaIMP-38 or blaIMP-26 were obtained from 80 (40%) gulls from Five Islands. Thirty percent of birds from this colony were colonized by salmonellae. Most isolates contained the gene within a class 1 integron showing a blaIMP-4-qacG-aacA4-catB3 array. The blaIMP gene was carried by conjugative plasmids of variable sizes (80-400 kb) and diverse replicons, including HI2-N (n = 30), HI2 (11), A/C (17), A/C-Y (2), L/M (5), I1 (1) and non-typeable (6). Despite the overall high genetic variability, common clones and plasmid types were shared by different birds and bacterial isolates, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate a large-scale transmission of carbapenemase-producing bacteria into wildlife, likely as a result of the feeding habits of the birds at a local waste depot. The isolates from gulls showed significant similarities with clinical isolates from Australia, suggesting the human origin of the isolates. The sources of CPE for gulls on Five Islands should be explored and proper measures applied to stop the transmission into the environment.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny analýza   genetika   MeSH
• beta-laktamasy analýza   genetika   MeSH
• Charadriiformes mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Enterobacteriaceae enzymologie   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• enterobakteriální infekce epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• kloaka mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• molekulární epidemiologie MeSH
• molekulární typizace MeSH
• nemoci ptáků epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• ostrovy epidemiologie   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• ptáci MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Nový Jižní Wales epidemiologie   MeSH
• ostrovy epidemiologie   MeSH

Sedlacekvia kinchegaensis sp. nov., a new member of the hitherto monotypic genus Sedlacekvia Winkler, 1989 is described from an arid region of New South Wales, Australia. As the genus has not been associated with any subfamily of Cleridae yet, its classification within Clerinae and phylogenetic relation with Odontophlogistus Elston, 1923 (Cleridae: Clerinae) is proposed.

• MeSH
• brouci anatomie a histologie   klasifikace   MeSH
• zeměpis MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Nový Jižní Wales MeSH

CONTEXT: Existing studies have identified that, although to a lesser extent than individual factors such as males and young people, rural (compared to urban) communities represent a disproportionately high-risk of alcohol-related traffic crashes (ARTCs). To date, however, few studies have attempted to apply different costs to alcohol crashes of different severity, to provide more precise, and practically useful, data on which to base public health policy and intervention decisions. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to quantify the per capita prevalence and differential costs of alcohol crashes of different levels of severity to determine the extent to which urban and rural geographical areas may differ in the costs attributable to ARTCs. DESIGN: A cross-sectional analysis of alcohol-related traffic crash and costs data from 2001 to 2007. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Data from New South Wales, Australia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Modified routinely collected traffic accident data to which costs relevant to alcohol crashes of different severity are applied. RESULTS: Although the rate per 10,000 population of alcohol-related crashes is 1.5 times higher in rural, relative to urban, communities, the attributable cost is four times higher, which largely reflects that rural alcohol-fatalities are seven to eight times more prevalent and costly. CONCLUSIONS: Given that per capita alcohol-related fatal crashes in rural areas account for a disproportionately large proportion of the harms and costs associated with alcohol-related traffic crashes, the cost-effectiveness of public health interventions and public policy initiatives should consider the relative extent of ARTC-harm in rural versus urban communities.

• MeSH
• dopravní nehody ekonomika   mortalita   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• městské obyvatelstvo MeSH
• osobní újma zaviněná nemocí MeSH
• poruchy způsobené alkoholem komplikace   ekonomika   mortalita   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• venkovské obyvatelstvo MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Nový Jižní Wales MeSH

A new species, Sphaeromyxa noblei sp. n., is described from Heteroclinus whiteleggii (Perciformes: Clinidae), a marine fish from the coast of New South Wales in Australia. This raises the number of Sphaeromyxa species to 38; their list is presented. The species is characterised by a layer of branched glycostyles, which is about 2.4 microm thick and is a feature rather unique in Myxosporea. Pansporoblasts form one or two spores. The study of ultrastructure of this species and of those described to date result in recognition of a combination of patterns characterising the genus: plasmodia have marked surface projections, the endoplasm is full of vacuoles larger than in any other myxosporean genus, and contains a special kind of cells, the lobocytes. Sections through polar capsule reveal different appearance of subsequent stretches of the polar filament unlike in other Myxosporea.

• MeSH
• elektronová mikroskopie MeSH
• Eukaryota ultrastruktura   MeSH
• Perciformes parazitologie   MeSH
• žlučník parazitologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Nový Jižní Wales MeSH

• MeSH
• antropologie fyzická dějiny   metody   MeSH
• antropologie dějiny   metody   MeSH
• databáze faktografické dějiny   využití   MeSH
• kraniologie dějiny   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• paleontologie dějiny   metody   MeSH
• původní obyvatelé Havajských a ostatních tichomořských ostrovů dějiny   etnologie   genetika   MeSH
• výzkumné techniky MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Austrálie MeSH
• Nový Jižní Wales MeSH
• Queensland MeSH
• Severní teritorium MeSH
• Tasmánie MeSH
• Victoria MeSH