- MeSH
- fytoterapie MeSH
- léčivé rostliny MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Rosa * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- populární práce MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- lipozomální vitamin C,
- MeSH
- fyziologická absorpce MeSH
- kyselina askorbová * aplikace a dávkování farmakologie imunologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nedostatek vitaminu C diagnóza epidemiologie MeSH
- potravní doplňky * analýza MeSH
- Rosa MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Despite their abundant odd-ploidy (2n = 5x = 35), dogroses (Rosa sect. Caninae) are capable of sexual reproduction due to their unique meiosis. During canina meiosis, two sets of chromosomes form bivalents and are transmitted by male and female gametes, whereas the remaining chromosomes form univalents and are exclusively transmitted by the egg cells. Thus, the evolution of chromosomes is expected to be driven by their behaviour during meiosis. METHODS: To gain insight into differential chromosome evolution, fluorescence in situ hybridization was conducted for mitotic and meiotic chromosomes in four dogroses (two subsections) using satellite and ribosomal DNA probes. By exploiting high-throughput sequencing data, we determined the abundance and diversity of the satellite repeats in the genus Rosa by analysing 20 pentaploid, tetraploid and diploid species in total. KEY RESULTS: A pericentromeric satellite repeat, CANR4, was found in all members of the genus Rosa, including the basal subgenera Hulthemia and Hesperhodos. The satellite was distributed across multiple chromosomes (5-20 sites per mitotic cell), and its genomic abundance was higher in pentaploid dogroses (2.3 %) than in non-dogrose species (1.3 %). In dogrose meiosis, univalent chromosomes were markedly enriched in CANR4 repeats based on both the number and the intensity of the signals compared to bivalent-forming chromosomes. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms and cluster analysis revealed high intragenomic homogeneity of the satellite in dogrose genomes. CONCLUSIONS: The CANR4 satellite arose early in the evolution of the genus Rosa. Its high content and extraordinary homogeneity in dogrose genomes is explained by its recent amplification in non-recombining chromosomes. We hypothesize that satellite DNA expansion may contribute to the divergence of univalent chromosomes in Rosa species with non-symmetrical meiosis.
- MeSH
- DNA rostlinná MeSH
- genom rostlinný MeSH
- hybridizace in situ fluorescenční MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- meióza MeSH
- polyploidie MeSH
- Rosa genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Nitrogen is required for optimal plant growth, especially in young organs such as secondary axes (axes II) after axillary bud outgrowth. Several studies have shown an increase of nitrogen concentration in xylem sap concomitantly with bud outgrowth, but the relation between nitrogen, sugars and plant hormones in axis II still remains unclear. We investigated in Rosa hybrida the involvement of nitrogen nutrition in axis II elongation in relation with sugars and cytokinins using 15N-labeled nitrate and sugars, amino acids and cytokinin quantifications. Besides, we measured the effect of the exogenous supply of these compounds on axis II elongation using in vitro excised bud culture. We demonstrated that nitrogen in the axis II comes mainly from new root uptake after decapitation. Asparagine, which concentration increases in sap exudates and tissues during axis II elongation, was the sole amino acid able to sustain an efficient elongation in vitro when supplied in combination with sucrose.
Dogroses represent an exceptional system for studying the effects of genome doubling and hybridization: their asymmetrical meiosis enables recombination in bi-parentally inherited chromosomes but prevents it in maternally inherited ones. We employed fluorescent in situ hybridization, genome skimming, amplicon sequencing of genomic and cDNA as well as conventional cloning of nuclear ribosomal DNA in two phylogenetically distinct pentaploid (2n = 5x = 35) species, Rosa canina and Rosa inodora, and their naturally occurring reciprocal hybrids, Rosa dumalis (5x) and Rosa agrestis (5x, 6x). Both progenitor species differed in composition, meiotic behaviour and expression of rDNA loci: R. canina (five 18S and 5-8 5S loci) was dominated by the Canina ribotypes, but R. inodora (four 18S loci and 7-8 5S loci) by the Rubiginosa ribotype. The co-localized 5S/18S loci occurred on either bivalent-forming (R. canina) or univalent-forming (R. inodora) chromosomes. Ribosomal DNA loci were additively inherited; however, the Canina ribotypes were dominantly expressed, even in genotypes with relatively low copy number of these genes. Moreover, we observed rDNA homogenization towards the paternally transmitted Canina ribotype in 6x R. agrestis. The here-observed variation in arrangement and composition of rDNA types between R. canina and R. inodora suggests the involvement of different genomes in bivalent formation. This results supports the hypothesis that the asymmetrical meiosis arose at least twice by independent ancient hybridization events.
- MeSH
- chromozomy rostlin genetika MeSH
- exprese genu MeSH
- genom rostlinný genetika MeSH
- geny rRNA genetika MeSH
- hybridizace genetická genetika MeSH
- konzervovaná sekvence genetika MeSH
- meióza genetika MeSH
- polyploidie * MeSH
- ribotypizace MeSH
- RNA ribozomální genetika MeSH
- Rosa genetika MeSH
- rostlinné geny genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
In this study, an in-depth analysis of the unique set of rosehip samples from 71 Rosa genotypes was conducted with the aim to identify the most suitable ones for applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries based on the content of biologically active compounds. In the first part of our experiments, the antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay and the genotypes with the highest values were selected for the follow-up analysis. In the second part of experiments, the major classes of biologically active compounds in rosehips such as carotenoids, tocopherols, flavonoids, and triterpenoic acids were further quantified using liquid chromatography-based techniques. Large variation was observed among all the analyzed compounds with intraspecific variation often hiding interspecific or intersectional differences. The compounds studied herein thus do not provide a sharp tool for chemotaxonomic resolution of the genus Rosa. High intraspecific variation indicates the necessity to screen and utilize individual rose genotypes rather than representatives of the species when searching for sources of biologically active compounds. In the final stage of the study, 10 genotypes were selected for further cultivation and use, based on the highest concentrations of the analyzed biologically active compounds.
- MeSH
- antioxidancia MeSH
- bifenylové sloučeniny MeSH
- flavonoidy MeSH
- pikráty MeSH
- Rosa * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The aim of this study was to investigate effects of two dietary medicinal herbs, Rose hip (Rosa canina) and Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) supplementation on growth performance, haematological, biochemical parameters and innate immune response of in juvenile beluga, Huso huso. Fish (26.3 ± 0.4 g) were allocated into 15 tanks (20 fish per tank) and triplicate groups were fed a control diet or diets containing 1% and 2% of medicinal herbs, respectively. Feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR) and condition factor (CF) did not show significant differences (P > 0.05) in fish given herbal diets. Significant differences were observed in number of white blood cells (WBC) and haemoglobin (Hb) values among the dietary treatments. The serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were significantly lower in supplemented diet groups compared with the control. Innate immune responses (lysozyme activity and ACH50) were significantly higher in 2% Safflower-fed fish compared with other groups (P < 0.05). These results indicate that medicinal herbs in diets can be considered as a beneficial dietary supplement for improving the physiological parameters and enhance the immune response of Persian sturgeon.
- MeSH
- biochemická analýza krve veterinární MeSH
- Carthamus tinctorius chemie imunologie MeSH
- dieta veterinární MeSH
- hematologické testy veterinární MeSH
- krmivo pro zvířata analýza MeSH
- léčivé rostliny chemie imunologie MeSH
- potravní doplňky * MeSH
- přirozená imunita * MeSH
- Rosa chemie imunologie MeSH
- Salmonidae krev růst a vývoj imunologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Bud outgrowth is controlled by environmental and endogenous factors. Through the use of the photosynthesis inhibitor norflurazon and of masking experiments, evidence is given here that light acts mainly as a morphogenic signal in the triggering of bud outgrowth and that initial steps in the light signaling pathway involve cytokinins (CKs). Indeed, in rose (Rosa hybrida), inhibition of bud outgrowth by darkness is suppressed solely by the application of CKs. In contrast, application of sugars has a limited effect. Exposure of plants to white light (WL) induces a rapid (after 3-6 h of WL exposure) up-regulation of CK synthesis (RhIPT3 and RhIPT5), of CK activation (RhLOG8), and of CK putative transporter RhPUP5 genes and to the repression of the CK degradation RhCKX1 gene in the node. This leads to the accumulation of CKs in the node within 6 h and in the bud at 24 h and to the triggering of bud outgrowth. Molecular analysis of genes involved in major mechanisms of bud outgrowth (strigolactone signaling [RwMAX2], metabolism and transport of auxin [RhPIN1, RhYUC1, and RhTAR1], regulation of sugar sink strength [RhVI, RhSUSY, RhSUC2, and RhSWEET10], and cell division and expansion [RhEXP and RhPCNA]) reveal that, when supplied in darkness, CKs up-regulate their expression as rapidly and as intensely as WL Additionally, up-regulation of CKs by WL promotes xylem flux toward the bud, as evidenced by Methylene Blue accumulation in the bud after CK treatment in the dark. Altogether, these results suggest that CKs are initial components of the light signaling pathway that controls the initiation of bud outgrowth.
- MeSH
- biologické modely MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- cytokininy metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- meristém genetika růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce s reverzní transkripcí MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin účinky léků účinky záření MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- Rosa genetika růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- signální transdukce účinky léků genetika účinky záření MeSH
- světlo * MeSH
- tma MeSH
- výhonky rostlin genetika růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- vývojová regulace genové exprese účinky léků účinky záření MeSH
- xylém genetika růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
