Several authors have attributed the explosive outbreak of gastroenteritis that occurred in Czechoslovakia in 1965 to a toxigenic strain of Vibrio cholerae serogroup O37 based on unverified metadata associated with three particular strains from the American Type Culture Collection. Here, by sequencing the original strain preserved at the Czech National Collection of Type Cultures since 1966, we show that the strain responsible for this outbreak was actually a V. cholerae O5 that lacks the genes encoding the cholera toxin, the toxin-coregulated pilus protein and Vibrio pathogenicity islands present in V. cholerae O37 strains.
- MeSH
- cholera * epidemiologie mikrobiologie dějiny MeSH
- cholerový toxin genetika MeSH
- epidemický výskyt choroby * MeSH
- gastroenteritida * mikrobiologie epidemiologie dějiny MeSH
- genomové ostrovy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- séroskupina MeSH
- Vibrio cholerae * genetika klasifikace MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
- úvodníky MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Československo MeSH
Necrotizing fasciitis is a life-threatening skin and soft tissue infection associated with high morbidity and mortality in adult patients. This infection can present as either type 1 infection caused by a mixed microflora (Streptococci, Enterobacteriacae, Bacteroides sp., and Peptostreptococcus sp.), most commonly developing in patients after surgery or in diabetic patients, or as type 2. The latter type is monomicrobial and, usually, caused by group A Streptococci. Rarely, this type can be also caused by other pathogens, such as Vibrio vulnificus. V vulnificus is a small mobile Gram-negative rod capable of causing 3 types of infections in humans-gastroenteritis, primary infection of the vascular bed, and wound infections. If infecting a wound, V vulnificus can cause a life-threatening condition-necrotizing fasciitis. We present a rare case of necrotizing fasciitis developing after an insect bite followed by exposure to the seawater. Rapid propagation of the infectious complication in the region of the right lower limb led to a serious consideration of the necessity of amputation. Due to the clearly demarcated necroses and secondary skin and soft tissue infection caused by a multiresistant strain of Acinetobacter baumannii, we, however, resorted to the use of selective chemical necrectomy using 40% benzoic acid-a unique application in this kind of condition. The chemical necrectomy was successful, relatively gentle and thanks to its selectivity, vital parts of the limb remained preserved and could have been subsequently salvaged at minimum blood loss. Moreover, the antimicrobial effect of benzoic acid led to rapid decolonization of the necrosis and wound bed preparation, which allowed us to perform defect closure using split-thickness skin grafts. The patient subsequently healed without further complications and returned to normal life.
- MeSH
- Acinetobacter baumannii * MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fasciitida nekrotizující * diagnóza MeSH
- infekce bakteriemi rodu Vibrio * komplikace MeSH
- infekce měkkých tkání * diagnóza komplikace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Vibrio vulnificus * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- kazuistiky MeSH
Vibrio spp. sú gramnegatívne tyčinkovité baktérie, prirodzene sa vyskytujúce v morskej, brakickej i sladkej vode. Niektoré druhy môžu spôsobovať ochorenia ľudí. V publikácii prezentujeme štúdiu výskytu Vibrio spp. v 20 umelých rekreačných bazénoch na Slovensku. Vzorky vôd boli odoberané z umelých bazénov, plnených mineralizovanou termálnou vodou, v deviatich rekreačných oblastiach na Slovensku, v rokoch 2019 a 2020. Vibrio spp. bolo izolované v 96 zo 176 vzoriek vôd. Spolu bolo izolovaných 118 rôznych kmeňov vibrií, z ktorých 77 patrilo k niektorému z potenciálne patogénnych druhov – V. cholerae (34 izolátov), V. vulnificus (4 izoláty), V. furnissii (3 izoláty), V. fluvialis (25 izolátov), V. alginolyticus (10 izolátov) and V. mimicus (1 izolát). Táto štúdia je, podľa našich informácií, prvou vo svete, dokumentujúcou prítomnosť patogénnych alebo potenciálne patogénnych Vibrio spp. v umelých bazénoch s chlórovou dezinfekciou, plnených termálnou mineralizovanou vodou.
Vibrio spp. are Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria commonly present in marine, estuarine and natural freshwater environments. A few members of this genus are associated with human diseases. Here we present the study of Vibrio spp. isolations from 20 artificial recreational pools in Slovakia. Water samples were collected from artificial pools filled with mineralized thermal water in eight recreational areas in Slovakia in 2019 and 2020. Ninety six out of 176 samples were positive for Vibrio spp. Totally 118 different strains of Vibrio spp. were isolated, from which 77 belonged to potentially pathogenic species – V. cholerae (34 isolates), V. vulnificus (4 isolates), V. furnissii (3 isolates), V. fluvialis (25 isolates), V. alginolyticus (10 isolates) and V. mimicus (1 isolate). To our knowledge this is the first study demonstrating the presence of pathogenic or potentially pathogenic Vibrio spp. in artificial pools filled with thermal mineralized waters even disinfected with chlorine compounds.
- MeSH
- biofilmy MeSH
- minerální vody mikrobiologie MeSH
- plavecké bazény * MeSH
- Vibrio * izolace a purifikace MeSH
- výzkum MeSH
- znečištění vody * MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika MeSH
The escalation of antibiotic resistance has revitalized bacteriophage (phage) therapy. Recently, phage therapy has been gradually applied in medicine, agriculture, food, and environmental fields due to its distinctive features of high efficiency, specificity, and environmental friendliness compared to antibiotics. Likewise, phage therapy also holds great promise in controlling pathogenic bacteria in aquaculture. The application of phage therapy instead of antibiotics to eliminate pathogenic bacteria such as Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, and Flavobacterium and to reduce fish mortality in aquaculture has been frequently reported. In this context, the present review summarizes and analyzes the current status of phage therapy in aquaculture, focusing on the key parameters of phage application, such as phage isolation, selection, dosage, and administration modes, and introducing the strategies and methods to boost efficacy and restrain the emergence of resistance. In addition, we discussed the human safety, environmental friendliness, and techno-economic practicability of phage therapy in aquaculture. Finally, this review outlines the current challenges of phage therapy application in aquaculture from the perspectives of phage resistance, phage-mediated resistance gene transfer, and effects on the host immune system.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky MeSH
- bakteriofágy * genetika MeSH
- fágová terapie * MeSH
- Vibrio * MeSH
- vodní hospodářství metody MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The 3'-5', 3'-5' cyclic dinucleotides (3'3'CDNs) are bacterial second messengers that can also bind to the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) adaptor protein in vertebrates and activate the host innate immunity. Here, we profiled the substrate specificity of four bacterial dinucleotide synthases from Vibrio cholerae (DncV), Bacillus thuringiensis (btDisA), Escherichia coli (dgcZ), and Thermotoga maritima (tDGC) using a library of 33 nucleoside-5'-triphosphate analogues and then employed these enzymes to synthesize 24 3'3'CDNs. The STING affinity of CDNs was evaluated in cell-based and biochemical assays, and their ability to induce cytokines was determined by employing human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Interestingly, the prepared heterodimeric 3'3'CDNs bound to the STING much better than their homodimeric counterparts and showed similar or better potency than bacterial 3'3'CDNs. We also rationalized the experimental findings by in-depth STING-CDN structure-activity correlations by dissecting computed interaction free energies into a set of well-defined and intuitive terms. To this aim, we employed state-of-the-art methods of computational chemistry, such as quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations, and complemented the computed results with the {STING:3'3'c-di-ara-AMP} X-ray crystallographic structure. QM/MM identified three outliers (mostly homodimers) for which we have no clear explanation of their impaired binding with respect to their heterodimeric counterparts, whereas the R2 = 0.7 correlation between the computed ΔG'int_rel and experimental ΔTm's for the remaining ligands has been very encouraging.
- MeSH
- Bacillus thuringiensis enzymologie ultrastruktura MeSH
- cytokiny chemie genetika MeSH
- Escherichia coli enzymologie ultrastruktura MeSH
- krystalografie rentgenová MeSH
- kvantová teorie MeSH
- leukocyty mononukleární chemie enzymologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- membránové proteiny chemie genetika ultrastruktura MeSH
- nukleotidy biosyntéza chemie genetika MeSH
- přirozená imunita genetika MeSH
- substrátová specifita MeSH
- Thermotoga maritima enzymologie ultrastruktura MeSH
- Vibrio cholerae enzymologie ultrastruktura MeSH
- vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Mezi necholerová vibria jsou řazena všechna vibria kromě toxin produkujících Vibrio cholerae sérotypů O1 a O139. Výskyt onemocnění způsobených těmito vibrii v posledních 20 letech celosvětově stoupá, a to velmi pravděpodobně v souvislosti s globálním oteplováním. Početné infekce jsou zaznamenávány celoročně zejména v tropickém a subtropickém pásmu, ale také v mírném podnebí Spojených států amerických či Evropy. V mírném pásmu mají tato onemocnění výrazně sezonní charakter s maximem výskytu od května do října. K nákaze může dojít po požití kontaminované potravy, zejména mořských plodů a ryb, či vody nebo v souvislosti s koupáním. V Evropě byla necholerová vibria prokázána ve vodách Baltského, Severního a Středozemního moře, ale také v rybnících a řekách. Onemocnění se podle brány vstupu projeví jako gastroenteritida, otitida, ranná infekce anebo závažné až fatální systémové onemocnění, zejména u imunokompromitovaných jedinců. Specifická prevence onemocnění neexistuje. K nespecifickým preventivním opatřením patří zejména dodržování zásad osobní hygieny a hygieny potravin, a zamezení kontaktu otevřených ran s mořskou a povrchovou koupací vodou. Vzhledem k závažnosti a narůstající četnosti infekcí vyvolaných vibrii by se na tyto infekce mělo myslet v rámci diferenciální diagnostiky gastrointestinálních a ranných infekcí, zejména při pozitivní anamnéze konzumace mořských ryb a plodů nebo po kontaktu nezhojených kožních lézí s mořskou a povrchovou koupací vodou.
Non-O1/non-O139 vibrios refer to all vibrios except toxin producing Vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 and O139. The prevalence of illness caused by non-O1/non-O139 vibrios steadily increases all over the world in the last 20 years, which is very probably related to global warming. These infections are reported year-round from tropical and subtropical climate zones, but they were also detected in the mild climate zone of the United States of America and Europe. In mild climate, they have markedly seasonal occurrence, typically peaking in May to October. A human can be infected after ingestion of contaminated food, especially seafood and fish, or water or while bathing. In Europe, non-O1/non-O139 vibrios were detected in the Baltic Sea, North Sea and Mediterranean Sea but also in ponds and rivers. Depending on the pathogen entry route, the clinical manifestation may appear as gastroenteritis, otitis, wound infection or severe up to fatal illness, predominantly in immunocompromised patients. There is no specific prevention. Non-specific prevention includes good personal and food handling hygiene practices and avoiding contact of unhealed wounds with sea or surface swimming water. Given the severity and increasing frequency of infections caused by non-O1/non-O139 vibrios, they should be considered in differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal and wound infections, especially in patients with a history of consumption of fish and seafood or with a history of contact of unhealed wounds with sea or other open swimming water.
- Klíčová slova
- necholerová vibria,
- MeSH
- infekce bakteriemi rodu Vibrio * diagnóza epidemiologie přenos terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci přenášené potravou MeSH
- nemoci přenášené vodou MeSH
- Vibrio MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
The Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity (FET) Test was adopted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development as OECD TG 236 in 2013. The test has been designed to determine acute toxicity of chemicals on embryonic stages of fish and proposed as an alternative method to the Fish Acute Toxicity Test performed according to OECD TG 203. In recent years fish embryos were used not only in the assessment of toxicity of chemicals but also for environmental and wastewater samples. In our study we investigated the acute toxicity of treated wastewater from seven hospitals in the Czech Republic. Our main purpose was to compare the suitability and sensitivity of zebrafish embryos with the sensitivity of two other aquatic organisms commonly used for wastewater testing - Daphnia magna and Aliivibrio fischeri. For the aim of this study, in addition to the lethal endpoints of the FET test, sublethal effects such as delayed heartbeat, lack of blood circulation, pericardial and yolk sac edema, spinal curvature and pigmentation failures were evaluated. The comparison of three species demonstrated that the sensitivity of zebrafish embryos is comparable or in some cases higher than the sensitivity of D. magna and A. fischeri. The inclusion of sublethal endpoints caused statistically significant increase of the FET test efficiency in the range of 1-12 %. Based on our results, the FET test, especially with the addition of sublethal effects evaluation, can be considered as a sufficiently sensitive and useful additional tool for ecotoxicity testing of the acute toxicity potential of hospital effluents.
- MeSH
- Aliivibrio fischeri účinky léků MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita MeSH
- dánio pruhované embryologie MeSH
- Daphnia účinky léků MeSH
- embryo nesavčí účinky léků MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- LD50 MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí * MeSH
- nemocnice * MeSH
- odpadní voda toxicita MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- testy akutní toxicity * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Due to the development of Marine aquaculture, infections caused by Vibrio vulnificus are common all over the world. Symptoms of V. vulnificus infection vary from gastrointestinal illness to septicemia. After infection with V. vulnificus, some patients showed gastrointestinal symptoms, including vomiting, fever, diarrhea, and so on. Others appeared wound infection at the site of contact with bacteria, and even developed sepsis. Once it develops into sepsis, the prognosis of patients is very poor. However, its underlying pathogenic mechanism remains largely undetermined. Growing evidence shows that it can induce primary septicemia mainly via essential virulence factors and regulators. Therefore, it is important to identify the factors that play roles in sepsis. In this review, we systematically expounded the role of V. vulnificus virulence factors and regulators in its infection-induced sepsis in order to provide useful information for the treatment and prevention of V. vulnificus.
- MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- faktory virulence genetika metabolismus MeSH
- infekce bakteriemi rodu Vibrio mikrobiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- sepse mikrobiologie MeSH
- Vibrio vulnificus genetika metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Due to the nature of Vibrio vulnificus infections (i.e., gastroenteritis and septicemia), only very few studies of a biofilm-associated form in this pathogen's life cycle have been conducted. We proposed that biofilm production by clinical strains of V. vulnificus would be higher than by environmental strains. Biofilm formation by clinical and environmental reference strains was tested under different temperatures (24, 30, and 37 °C), pH (5.5, 7.5, and 8.5) and iron concentrations (18, 30, 50, 100, and 200 μM). Biofilm production by clinical strains was consistently higher (p < 0.001) at 24 °C than by environmental strains. Higher biofilm production was observed at pH 5.5 by all strains. Growth rates were lowest at pH 5.5 for environmental strains but for clinical strains there were no differences at pH 5.5, 7.5, and 8.5, demonstrating a tolerance to acidic and alkaline conditions. There was a strong, direct correlation between iron concentration in the growth medium and biofilm production by all strains tested. The current study indicates that biofilm formation might be important for the survival of V. vulnificus in vivo as well as in the marine environment. With regard to temperature and pH, higher biofilm production appears to be a trait of clinical strains and could be considered a virulence determinant in V. vulnificus.
