This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To evaluate the effect on blood pressure - measured as changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) using standardised measurement methods - of substituting sodium salt with other edible salts (e.g. potassium chloride, magnesium chloride) in people with diabetes mellitus.

• MeSH
• chlorid draselný aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• chlorid hořečnatý aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• diabetes mellitus * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hypertenze * dietoterapie   MeSH
• krevní tlak * účinky léků   MeSH
• kuchyňská sůl * aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie jako téma MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The distribution and morphology of neuronal degeneration were observed and analyzed in each sector of the zona incerta in a lithium‐pilocarpine (LiCl) Wistar rat model of status epilepticus in 12, 15, 18, 21, and 25‐day‐old rats and survival intervals of 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours. Status epilepticus was induced via intraperitoneal (IP) injection of LiCl (3 mmol/kg) 24 hours before an injection of pilocarpine (40 mg/kg, IP). Motor seizures were suppressed by paraldehyde (0.3‐0.6 ml/kg, IP) two hours after status epilepticus onset. Animals were anesthetized using urethane and perfused with phosphate‐buffered saline followed by 4% paraformaldehyde. Brains were sectioned and Nissl stained for map guidance, with fluoro‐Jade B fluorescence used to detect degenerated neurons. Fluoro‐jade B‐positive neurons were plotted to a standard stereotaxic atlas, their distribution was quantified, and their long‐axis diameter was measured. Fluoro‐jade B‐positive neurons were found in pups aged 15 days and older 24 hours after status epilepticus, in which their numbers increased, and their perikaryon size decreased with advancing age. Thus, neuronal damage severity was dependent on age and survival interval. Neuronal damage was only found in the rostral sector of the zona incerta, a region that exhibits a small number of inhibitory neurons and is reciprocally connected to the limbic cortex. This system of hyperactivity, coupled with inhibitory neurons, may be the underlying cause of the neuronal degeneration and explain why it was confined to the rostral sector of the zona incerta.

• MeSH
• chlorid lithný toxicita   MeSH
• degenerace nervu * patologie   etiologie   MeSH
• fluoresceiny MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• neurony * patologie   MeSH
• novorozená zvířata MeSH
• pilokarpin toxicita   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• status epilepticus * patologie   chemicky indukované   komplikace   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• zona incerta * patologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Biofilm formation is an effective survival strategy of plant-associated microorganisms in hostile environments, so the application of biofilm-forming and exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing beneficial microbes to plants has received more attention in recent years. This study examined the ability of biofilm and EPS production of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus thuringiensis strains under different NaCl concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mmol/L), pH values (5.5, 6.5, 7.5, and 8.5), and phosphate levels (0, 25, 50, and 100 mmol/L at 0 and 400 mmol/L NaCl). B. subtilis BS2 and B. thuringiensis BS6/BS7 strains significantly increased biofilm formation in a similar pattern to EPS production under salt stress. B. subtilis BS2/BS3 enhanced biofilm production at slightly acidic pH with a lower EPS production but the other strains formed considerably more amount of biofilm and EPS at alkaline pH. Interestingly, higher levels of phosphate substantially decreased biofilm and EPS production at 0 mmol/L NaCl but increased biofilm formation at 400 mmol/L salt concentration. Overall, contrary to phosphate, salt and pH differently influenced biofilm and EPS production by Bacillus strains. EPS production contributed to biofilm formation to some extent under all the conditions tested. Some Bacillus strains produced more abundant biofilm under salt and pH stress, indicating their potential to form in vivo biofilms in rhizosphere and on plants, particularly under unfavorable conditions.

• MeSH
• Bacillus subtilis fyziologie   metabolismus   účinky léků   MeSH
• Bacillus thuringiensis fyziologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• bakteriální polysacharidy * metabolismus   biosyntéza   MeSH
• biofilmy * účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• chlorid sodný * farmakologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• fosfáty * metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Cadmium crosses the blood-brain barrier inducing damage to neurons. Cell impairment is predominantly linked to oxidative stress and glutathione (GSH) depletion. On the other hand, several reports have described an increase of GSH levels in neuronal cells after CdCl2 exposure. Therefore, the aim of the present report was to investigate the relation between changes in GSH levels and mitochondrial damage in neuronal cells after CdCl2 treatment. To characterize neuronal impairment after CdCl2 treatment (0-200 μM) for 1-48 h, we used the SH-SY5Y cell line. We analyzed GSH metabolism and determined mitochondrial activity using high-resolution respirometry. CdCl2 treatment induced both the decreases and increases of GSH levels in SH-SY5Y cells. GSH concentration was significantly increased in cells incubated with up to 50 μM CdCl2 but only 100 μM CdCl2 induced GSH depletion linked to increased ROS production. The overexpression of proteins involved in GSH synthesis increased in response to 50 and 100 μM CdCl2 after 6 h. Finally, strong mitochondrial impairment was detected even in 50 μM CdCl2 treated cells after 24 h. We conclude that a significant decrease in mitochondrial activity can be observed in 50 μM CdCl2 even without the occurrence of GSH depletion in SH-SY5Y cells.

• MeSH
• chlorid kademnatý * toxicita   MeSH
• glutathion * metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mitochondrie * účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• neurony * účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• oxidační stres účinky léků   MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: Glucocorticoids are commonly used in children with different chronic diseases. Growth failure represents a so far untreatable undesired side-effect. As lithium chloride (LiCl) is known to induce cell renewal in various tissues, we hypothesized that LiCl may prevent glucocorticoid-induced growth failure. METHODS: We monitored growth of fetal rat metatarsals cultured ex-vivo with dexamethasone and/or LiCl, while molecular mechanisms were explored through RNA sequencing by implementing the differential gene expression and gene set analysis. Quantification of β-catenin in human growth plate cartilage cultured with dexamethasone and/or LiCl was added for verification. RESULTS: After 14 days of culture, the length of dexamethasone-treated fetal rat metatarsals increased by 1.4 ± 0.2 mm compared to 2.4 ± 0.3 mm in control bones (p < 0.001). The combination of LiCl and dexamethasone led to bone length increase of 1.9 ± 0.3 mm (p < 0.001 vs. dexamethasone alone). By adding lithium, genes for cell cycle and Wnt/β-catenin, Hedgehog and Notch signaling, were upregulated compared to dexamethasone alone group. CONCLUSIONS: LiCl has the potential to partially rescue from dexamethasone-induced bone growth impairment in an ex vivo model. Transcriptomics identified cell renewal and proliferation as candidates for the underlying mechanisms. Our observations may open up the development of a new treatment strategy for bone growth disorders. IMPACT: LiCl is capable to prevent glucocorticoid-induced growth failure in rat metatarsals in vitro. The accompanying drug-induced transcriptomic changes suggested cell renewal and proliferation as candidate underlying mechanisms. Wnt/beta-catenin pathway could be one of those novel mechanisms.

• MeSH
• beta-katenin * metabolismus   MeSH
• chlorid lithný * farmakologie   MeSH
• dexamethason * farmakologie   MeSH
• glukokortikoidy farmakologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metatarzální kosti * účinky léků   MeSH
• potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
• proliferace buněk účinky léků   MeSH
• růstová ploténka účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• signální dráha Wnt účinky léků   MeSH
• vývoj kostí účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Exokrinní pankreatická insuficience je podmíněna nedostatečnou sekrecí pankrea­tických enzymů ev. jejich předčasnou inaktivací anebo jejich inadekvátní aktivací ve střevě. Hlavní příčinou u dětí je chronická pankreatitida a cystická fibróza. Klinicky se pankreatická malabsorpce projeví neprospíváním, steatoreou s průjmem, azotoreou s poklesem sérového albuminu a proteinů. Cystická fibróza je nejčastějším autozomálně recesivně dědičným onemocněním kavkazské rasy. Onemocnění má charakter multiorgánového postižení. Prognóza velmi závisí na včasné diagnostice a multioborovém léčebném přístupu. Autoři poukazují na stále platný význam potního testu v diagnostice cystické fibrózy prezentací kazuistiky batolete s cystickou fibrózou s negativním novorozeneckým screeningem.

The cause of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is inadequate secretion of pancreatic enzymes or premature inactivation or inadequate activation in the bowel. The main cause is chronic pancreatitis and cystitic fibrosis. Clinical manifestations of pancreatic malabsorption are weight loss, steatorrhea with diarrehea, azotorhhea, loss of serum albumin and proteins. Cystic fibrosis is the most common autosomal recessive disease of the Caucasian population characterised by chronic multi-organ impairment. Early diagnosis and multi-professional centre care is necessery for optimal management and improved quality of life and survival of patients. The authors point out the importance of the sweat test in diagnosis of cystic fibrosis presentation of a case study of toddler with cystic fibrosis who had a negative newborn screening.

• MeSH
• alergie na mléko diagnóza   dietoterapie   MeSH
• aminokyseliny terapeutické užití   MeSH
• chloridy analýza   MeSH
• cystická fibróza * diagnóza   komplikace   patologie   terapie   MeSH
• exokrinní pankreatická insuficience * diagnóza   etiologie   terapie   MeSH
• feces enzymologie   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenecký screening metody   MeSH
• pankreatická elastasa analýza   MeSH
• pot chemie   MeSH
• potrava pro kojence MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Carp edema virus (CEV) is a fish poxvirus that primarily infects the gills of common carp. CEV causes koi sleepy disease (KSD), which is highly contagious and can result in mortality of up to 100%. METHODS: In the present study, we analyzed the stress and immune responses during KSD in two strains of common carp with different resistance to CEV: susceptible koi and resistant Amur sazan. Experiments were performed at two temperatures: 12°C and 18°C. In the case of koi carp, we also analyzed the effect of supplementation of 0.6% NaCl into tank water, which prevents mortality of the CEV-infected fish (salt rescue model). RESULTS: We found that CEV-infected koi kept at 18°C had the highest viral load, which correlated with the most severe histopathological changes in the gills. CEV infection resulted in the activation of stress response reflected by the upregulated expression of genes involved in stress response in the stress axis organs and increased levels of cortisol and glucose in the blood plasma. These changes were the most pronounced in CEV-infected koi kept at 18°C. At both temperatures, the activation of antiviral immune response was observed in koi kept under freshwater and NaCl conditions upon CEV infection. Interestingly, a clear downregulation of the expression of adaptive immune genes was observed in CEV-infected koi kept under freshwater at 18°C. CONCLUSION: CEV induces a stress response and modulates adaptive immune response in koi, and this is correlated with the level of viral load and disease development.

• MeSH
• chlorid sodný MeSH
• edém MeSH
• imunita MeSH
• infekce vyvolané poxviry * MeSH
• kapři * MeSH
• nemoci ryb * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Chloride Intracellular Channel (CLIC) family members uniquely transition between soluble and membrane-associated conformations. Despite decades of extensive functional and structural studies, CLICs' function as ion channels remains debated, rendering our understanding of their physiological role incomplete. Here, we expose the function of CLIC5 as a fusogen. We demonstrate that purified CLIC5 directly interacts with the membrane and induces fusion, as reflected by increased liposomal diameter and lipid and content mixing between liposomes. Moreover, we show that this activity is facilitated by acidic pH, a known trigger for CLICs' transition to a membrane-associated conformation, and that increased exposure of the hydrophobic inter-domain interface is crucial for this process. Finally, mutation of a conserved hydrophobic interfacial residue diminishes the fusogenic activity of CLIC5 in vitro and impairs excretory canal extension in C. elegans in vivo. Together, our results unravel the long-sought physiological role of these enigmatic proteins.

• MeSH
• Caenorhabditis elegans * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• chloridové kanály metabolismus   MeSH
• chloridy * metabolismus   MeSH
• liposomy MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• chlorid sodný * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• novinové články MeSH
• rozhovory MeSH

BACKGROUND: Several studies explored the interdependence between Paco2 and bicarbonate during respiratory acid-base derangements. The authors aimed to reframe the bicarbonate adaptation to respiratory disorders according to the physical-chemical approach, hypothesizing that (1) bicarbonate concentration during respiratory derangements is associated with strong ion difference; and (2) during acute respiratory disorders, strong ion difference changes are not associated with standard base excess. METHODS: This is an individual participant data meta-analysis from multiple canine and human experiments published up to April 29, 2021. Studies testing the effect of acute or chronic respiratory derangements and reporting the variations of Paco2, bicarbonate, and electrolytes were analyzed. Strong ion difference and standard base excess were calculated. RESULTS: Eleven studies were included. Paco2 ranged between 21 and 142 mmHg, while bicarbonate and strong ion difference ranged between 12.3 and 43.8 mM, and 32.6 and 60.0 mEq/l, respectively. Bicarbonate changes were linearly associated with the strong ion difference variation in acute and chronic respiratory derangement (β-coefficient, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.2 to 1.3; P < 0.001). In the acute setting, sodium variations justified approximately 80% of strong ion difference change, while a similar percentage of chloride variation was responsible for chronic adaptations. In the acute setting, strong ion difference variation was not associated with standard base excess changes (β-coefficient, -0.02; 95% CI, -0.11 to 0.07; P = 0.719), while a positive linear association was present in chronic studies (β-coefficient, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.84 to 1.24; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The bicarbonate adaptation that follows primary respiratory alterations is associated with variations of strong ion difference. In the acute phase, the variation in strong ion difference is mainly due to sodium variations and is not paralleled by modifications of standard base excess. In the chronic setting, strong ion difference changes are due to chloride variations and are mirrored by standard base excess.

• MeSH
• acidobazická rovnováha * MeSH
• chloridy farmakologie   MeSH
• hydrogenuhličitany * MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• psi MeSH
• sodík farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• psi MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• metaanalýza MeSH