Hlavnou zložkou extraktov Ophiocordyceps sinensis a Cordyceps militaris sú polysacharidy. Ide o prírodné biopolyméry, ktoré predstavujú veľkú triedu biologicky aktívnych zložiek. Tie prispievajú k ich farmakologickej aktivite a pôsobeniu na zdravie. Obsahujú monosacharidy, ktoré zahŕňajú ramnózu, ribózu, arabinózu, xylózu, manózu, glukózu, galaktózu, manitol, fruktózu a sorbózu. Exopolysacharidová frakcia má veľký počet farmakologických účinkov, z ktorých dva najdôležitejšie sú imunomodulačné a protinádorové. Medzi obsahové polysacharidy patrí tiež manoglukán vykazujúci slabú cytotoxickú aktivitu proti rakovinovej bunkovej línii SPC-I1). Z Ophiocordyceps sinensis sa postupne izolovalo viac ako desať nukleozidov a im príbuzných zlúčenín vrátane adenínu, adenozínu, inozínu, cytidínu, cytozínu, guanínu, uridínu, tymidínu, uracilu, hypoxantínu a guanozínu. Obsahuje mnoho aminokyselín a polypeptidov, u ktorých sa predpokladá, že by mohli mať vplyv na kardiovaskulárny systém. Taktiež vykazujú sedatívny a hypnotický účinok, pričom najúčinnejšou zložkou spomedzi nich je tryptofán. Polysacharidy sa extrahovali zo štyroch vzoriek: vzorka 1 (pestovaná na substráte Oryza sativa indica, kmeň Ophiocordyceps sinensis), vzorka 2 (pestovaná na substráte Oryza sativa japonica, kmeň Ophiocordyceps sinensis), vzorka 3 (pestovaná na substráte Oryza sativa indica, kmeň Cordyceps militaris), vzorka 4 (pestovaná na substráte Oryza sativa japonica, kmeň Cordyceps militaris). Prostredníctvom NMR spektroskopie a následným porovnaním s literatúrou sa podarilo zistiť, že majoritná chemická zlúčenina v deproteinizovaných extraktoch 1 a 4 bol hydrofilný polyglukán označovaný ako CBHP2).
The main component of Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris extracts are polysaccharides. These are natural biopolymers that represent a large class of biologically active components. These contribute to their pharmacological activity and effect on health. They contain monosaccharides that include rhamnose, ribose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose, galactose, mannitol, fructose, and sorbose. The exopolysaccharide fraction has a large number of pharmacological effects, the two most important of which are immunomodulatory and antitumour. Among the contained polysaccharides is also mannoglucan, which shows weak cytotoxic activity against the SPC-I1) cancer cell line. More than ten nucleosides and their related compounds, including adenine, adenosine, inosine, cytidine, cytosine, guanine, uridine, thymidine, uracil, hypoxanthine, and guanosine, have been successively isolated from Ophiocordyceps sinensis. It contains many amino acids and polypeptides that are thought to affect the cardiovascular system. They also have a sedative and hypnotic effect, with tryptophan being the most effective component among them. Polysaccharides were extracted from four samples: sample 1 (grown on the substrate Oryza sativa indica, strain Ophiocordyceps sinensis), sample 2 (grown on the substrate Oryza sativa japonica, strain Ophiocordyceps sinensis), sample 3 (grown on the substrate Oryza sativa indica, strain Cordyceps militaris), sample 4 (grown on Oryza sativa japonica substrate, strain Cordyceps militaris). Through NMR spectroscopy and subsequent comparison with the literature, the majority of a chemical compound in deproteinized extracts 1 and 4 was found to be a hydrophilic polyglucan referred to as CBHP2).
Východiska: Houby Reishi a Coriolus se dlouhodobě užívají v Asii k léčbě různých onemocnění, především respiračních infekcí, plicních onemocnění a v posledních letech navíc i k léčbě nádorů. Za jejich hlavní bioaktivní komponenty se považují polysacharidy a triterpeny. Preklinické i klinické studie na lidech u nich prokázaly jak imunomodulační, tak přímý protinádorový účinek. Extrakty z těchto hub jsou proto v Asii užívány v období po onkologické léčbě anebo i během ní v kombinaci s chemoterapií a radioterapií. Extrakty z Coriolu jsou již přes 30 let oficiálně schváleny v Japonsku a Číně jako účinný a současně netoxický imunostimulační doplněk léčby, podávaný zejména adjuvantně po operaci nádorových onemocnění. Cíl: Tento souhrnný článek má za cíl rozbor doposud proběhlých klinických studií s Reishi a Coriolem u onkologických pacientů a jejich metaanalýz. Závěr: Jak extrakty z Reishi, tak extrakty z Coriolu, ať již užívané v kombinaci se standardní onkologickou léčbou, anebo samostatně v období po ní, prokázaly přínos ve zlepšení imunitních funkcí, s nádory spojených příznaků a celkového stavu pacientů. Ve studiích také prodloužily přežití bez příznaků návratu onkologického onemocnění i celkové přežití. Jsou dobře tolerované dokonce u pokročilých onemocnění a lze je užívat dlouhodobě. Na základě klinicky prokázané účinnosti a bezpečnosti jsou indikovány v některých zemích jako doplňková léčba pro mnoho druhů nádorů.
Background: Mushrooms Reishi and Coriolus have been used for centuries in Asian countries to treat various diseases, mainly respiratory tract infections or pulmonary diseases, and more recently also cancers. Polysaccharides and triterpenes, which are found in these mushrooms, are their main bioactive components. Preclinical and clinical studies in humans presented their beneficial effects as immunomodulators; besides this, they possess a direct anticancer effect. In Asia, they are used after cancer treatment as single agents or in combination with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Extracts from Coriolus have been approved for more than 30 years as an effective adjuvant addition to standard cancer treatment in Japan and China without obvious toxicity. Purpose: In this review, clinical studies with Reishi and Coriolus in cancer patients and their meta-analyses are briefly summarized. Conclusion: Both extracts from Reishi and Coriolus, if used in combination with standard therapy or as an adjuvant single agent, have shown benefits at immune function measures, tumor-related symptoms and performance status of cancer patients. Moreover, they have prolonged their disease-free interval and overall survival. They are well tolerated even in advanced cancer diseases and could be safely used continuously for long periods of time. Because of clinically approved efficacy and safety, they are applied mainly in some countries as a complementary therapy for various types of cancers.
- MeSH
- fungální polysacharidy terapeutické užití MeSH
- Ganoderma * MeSH
- imunizace metody MeSH
- klinická studie jako téma MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory * terapie MeSH
- polysacharidy terapeutické užití MeSH
- reishi * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Oyster mushrooms are an interesting source of biologically active glucans and other polysaccharides. This work is devoted to the isolation and structural characterization of polysaccharides from basidiocarps of the cultivated oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus. Five polysaccharidic fractions were obtained by subsequent extraction with cold water, hot water and two subsequent extractions with 1 m sodium hydroxide. Branched partially methoxylated mannogalactan and slightly branched (1→6)-β-d-glucan predominated in cold- and hot-water-soluble fractions, respectively. Alternatively, these polysaccharides were obtained by only hot water extraction and subsequent two-stage chromatographic separation. The alkali-soluble parts originating from the first alkali extraction were then fractionated by dissolution in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The polysaccharide insoluble in DMSO was identified as linear (1→3)-α-d-glucan, while branched (1→3)(1→6)-β-d-glucans were found to be soluble in DMSO. The second alkaline extract contained the mentioned branched β-d-glucan together with some proteins. Finally, the alkali insoluble part was a cell wall complex of chitin and β-d-glucans.
- MeSH
- chemická frakcionace MeSH
- chromatografie MeSH
- fungální polysacharidy chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- fytonutrienty chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- glukany chemie MeSH
- molekulární struktura MeSH
- monosacharidy chemie MeSH
- Pleurotus chemie MeSH
- plodnice hub chemie MeSH
- spektrální analýza MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The diagnosis of invasive fungal diseases (IFD) based on clinical, radiological, and conventional microbiological findings is not reliable and is often delayed. Non-culture-based methods with higher sensitivity and specificity may reduce diagnostic time and result in decreased IFD morbidity and mortality. These methods are now increasingly used to manage patients at risk of IFD. Among available biomarkers, fungal antigens have been investigated as an aid to early diagnosis and are predominantly used as screening tests to prompt antifungal treatment mainly in patients with hematological malignancies. The revised version of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) consensus definitions includes some of these biological markers (galactomannan, 1,3-beta-D-glucan, cryptococcus antigen).
- MeSH
- Aspergillus imunologie MeSH
- fungální polysacharidy krev MeSH
- invazivní plicní aspergilóza krev diagnóza imunologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- sérologické testy * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
A set of fungal polysaccharide samples was characterised by elemental analysis and FTIR spectroscopy and compared with reference chitins, chitosans and β-D-glucans. The nitrogen to carbon (N/C) values and FTIR spectra were used to compare the samples based on their composition. It was found that the N/C ratio correlates well with deacetylation degree (DD) of chitosans and chitin/glucan ratio R(chit) of fungal chitin – β-D-glucan complexes with the exception of some samples having significant nitrogen and/or carbon admixtures. FTIR spectroscopy was indicative for the N-acetylation of chitins (chitosans) as well as for the chitin (chitosan) contribution to fungal polysaccharide preparations. Multivariate analyses of the FTIR data (HCA, PCA) discriminated samples and reference materials into several clusters depending on their similarity. Chitosan lactates, chitosan – β-D-glucans and chitin – β-D-glucans of high and low amounts of chitin were successfully discriminated from the reference polysaccharides and from each other. The proposed procedures based on the N/C ratio and multivariate analyses of FTIR spectra may be used in screening fungal polysaccharide preparations.
Cryptococcus laurentii growth and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production in bioreactor were studied. Biomass yield 14.3 g/L and EPS synthesis 4.3 g/L in 144 h of submerged cultivation were achieved. EPS synthesis and cell growth had different optima. For EPS formation, pH 3, 25 °C and low aeration (1 % < pO2 < 10 %) were advantageous, while cell growth optimum was at pH 6, 20 °C, and high aeration (pO2 > 30 %). As medium pH changed from pH 3 to pH 6, glucuronic acid (GluAc) content in EPS increased, while galactose, xylose, and glucose decreased. Twenty-five degrees Celsius was optimal for GluAc containing polysaccharide synthesis, while lower temperature (15 °C) increased glucose content in EPS. Aeration intensity and time of cultivation had little effect on EPS composition. Molecular mass distribution of raw C. laurentii EPS was determined by SEC-MALS as 1.352. The row EPS was composed of acidic glucuronoxylomannan for more than 85 %. In the in vivo experiments, EPS significantly improved excisional wound healing in healthy rats. The results suggest that C. laurentii EPS is a promising biotechnological product and an advanced material for application in wound management.
- MeSH
- antigeny fungální diagnostické užití krev MeSH
- beta-glukany diagnostické užití krev MeSH
- biologické markery * krev MeSH
- bronchoalveolární lavážní tekutina cytologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- chromatografie afinitní metody přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- fungální polysacharidy krev MeSH
- invazivní plicní aspergilóza * diagnóza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mannany diagnostické užití krev MeSH
- senzitivita a specificita MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- MeSH
- beta-glukany * terapeutické užití MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fungální polysacharidy MeSH
- imunitní systém - jevy MeSH
- imunologické faktory MeSH
- imunomodulace MeSH
- infekce dýchací soustavy * farmakoterapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- multicentrické studie jako téma MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
Polysaccharides account for more than 90% of the content of fungal cell walls, but the mechanism underlying the formation of the architecture of the cell walls, which consist of microfibrils embedded in an amorphous wall matrix, remains unknown. We used electron microscopy to investigate ten different fungal cell-wall polysaccharides to determine whether they could self-assemble into the fibrillar or amorphous component of fungal cell walls in a test tube without enzymes. The ultrastructures formed by precipitating β-1,3-glucan and β-1,6-glucan are different depending on the existence of branching in the molecule. Linear β-1,3-glucan and linear β-1,6-glucan precipitate into a fibrillar ultrastructure. Branched β-1,6-glucan, mannan and glycogen precipitates are amorphous. Branched β-1,3-glucan forms a fibrillar plus amorphous ultrastructure. Self-assembly among combinations of different linear and branched cell-wall polysaccharides results in an ultrastructure that resembles that of a yeast cell wall, which suggests that self-assembly of polysaccharides may participate in the development of the three-dimensional architecture of the yeast cell wall.
- MeSH
- beta-glukany chemie metabolismus MeSH
- buněčná stěna ultrastruktura MeSH
- elektronová mikroskopie MeSH
- fungální polysacharidy biosyntéza metabolismus MeSH
- mannany chemie metabolismus MeSH
- mikrofibrily metabolismus MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- antihypertenziva MeSH
- antikoagulancia MeSH
- Caulerpa MeSH
- Chlorophyta účinky léků MeSH
- cytostatické látky terapeutické užití MeSH
- farmakognozie * metody trendy MeSH
- fungální polysacharidy * farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- Gracilaria MeSH
- houby chemie klasifikace MeSH
- hypolipidemika MeSH
- korálnatci MeSH
- Lactobacillus casei MeSH
- léčivé rostliny * chemie klasifikace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Phaeophyceae MeSH
- Rhodophyta MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
