Atractaspidines are poorly studied, fossorial snakes that are found throughout Africa and western Asia, including the Middle East. We employed concatenated gene-tree analyses and divergence dating approaches to investigate evolutionary relationships and biogeographic patterns of atractaspidines with a multi-locus data set consisting of three mitochondrial (16S, cyt b, and ND4) and two nuclear genes (c-mos and RAG1). We sampled 91 individuals from both atractaspidine genera (Atractaspis and Homoroselaps). Additionally, we used ancestral-state reconstructions to investigate fang and diet evolution within Atractaspidinae and its sister lineage (Aparallactinae). Our results indicated that current classification of atractaspidines underestimates diversity within the group. Diversification occurred predominantly between the Miocene and Pliocene. Ancestral-state reconstructions suggest that snake dentition in these taxa might be highly plastic within relatively short periods of time to facilitate adaptations to dynamic foraging and life-history strategies.
- MeSH
- anatomické struktury zvířat anatomie a histologie fyziologie MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- cytochromy b genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- geny mos MeSH
- geny RAG-1 MeSH
- mitochondriální geny MeSH
- molekulární evoluce MeSH
- NADH-dehydrogenasa genetika MeSH
- predátorské chování MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S genetika MeSH
- Viperidae klasifikace genetika fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
We present a phylogenetic investigation of the Northern Clade, the major monophyletic clade within the freshwater fish family Cobitidae, one of the most prominent families of freshwater fishes found in Asian and European waters. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on the cytochrome b and RAG-1 genes show the genera Microcobitis, Sabanejewia, Koreocobitis and Kichulchoia as monophyletic groups. These reconstructions also show a Cobitis sensu lato and a Misgurnus sensu lato group. The Cobitis sensu lato group includes all species of Cobitis, Iksookimia, Niwaella and Kichulchoia, while the Misgurnus sensu lato group includes Misgurnus, Paramisgurnus and Koreocobitis. Although the monophyly of both the Cobitis sensu lato and Misgurnus sensu lato groups is supported, relationships within the groups are incongruent with current generic definitions. The absence of monophyly of most genera included in the Cobitis sensu lato group (Cobitis, Iksookimia and Niwaella) or their low genetic differentiation (Kichuchoia) supports their consideration as synonyms of Cobitis. Molecular phylogenies indicate that the Asian species of Misgurnus experienced a mitochondrial introgression from a lineage of Cobitis. We also find two nuclear haplotypes in the same Cobitis species from the Adriatic area that, in the absence of morphological differentiation, may indicate molecular introgression. Most lineages within the Northern Clade consist of species found in East Asia. However, some lineages also contain species from Europe and Asia Minor. The phylogenetic relationships presented here are consistent with previous studies suggesting an East Asian origin of the Northern Clade. According to the current distributions and phylogenetic relationships of the Misgurnus sensu lato and Cobitis clade lineages, particularly of M. fossilis and C. melanoleuca, the range expansion of East Asian species into Europe was most likely via Siberia into Northern and Central Europe. Phylogenetic analyses also show that the Cobitis sensu lato group consists of two clear subgroups (I and II), each presenting geographical differences. Subgroup I is distributed exclusively in East Asian drainages with an Eastern European offshoot (C. melanoleuca), whereas Subgroup II includes species widespread throughout Europe (including the Mediterranean), Asia Minor, the Black Sea and the Caucasus, with some lineages related to species restricted to East Asia.
- MeSH
- cytochromy b genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- geny RAG-1 MeSH
- haplotypy MeSH
- máloostní klasifikace genetika MeSH
- mitochondriální DNA genetika MeSH
- molekulární evoluce MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- sekvenční homologie nukleových kyselin MeSH
- vznik druhů (genetika) MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Asie MeSH
- Evropa MeSH
- MeSH
- alergologie a imunologie dějiny klasifikace trendy MeSH
- autoimunita genetika účinky léků MeSH
- geny RAG-1 genetika imunologie MeSH
- HIV infekce genetika imunologie MeSH
- HLA antigeny genetika imunologie MeSH
- imunitní systém fyziologie patofyziologie MeSH
- lékařská informatika MeSH
- společnosti lékařské dějiny organizace a řízení trendy MeSH
- Publikační typ
- úvodníky MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- MeSH
- geny RAG-1 fyziologie genetika imunologie MeSH
- hlavní histokompatibilní komplex genetika účinky léků MeSH
- imunitní systém fyziologie imunologie MeSH
- lymfocyty imunologie MeSH
- molekulární evoluce MeSH
- obratlovci imunologie MeSH
- thymus fyziologie imunologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
