Pijavka lékařská (Hirudo medicinalis, Hirudo verbana) se v medicíně používána k léčbě různých onemocnění tisíce let. Popularita jejího použití se měnila v průběhu dějin a začátkem 19. století v Evropě dosáhla vrcholu. V moderní medicíně využili a popsali aplikaci pijavek poprvé u laloku s venózní kongescí v roce 1960 Deganc a Zdravic. V současnosti, zvláště v oblasti rekonstrukční chirurgie, dochází k určité renesanci hirudoterapie. Obecně je indikováno použití pijavek v průběhu kritického pooperačního období, kdy dochází k ustálení mikrocirkulace a vény nejsou schopny dostatečně odvádět přítok arteriální krve, což může vést k stagnaci oběhu v tkáních na všech úrovních, klinicky se projevující jako změna barvy a turgoru laloku. Není-li tato komplikace včas rozpoznána a adekvátně léčena, může dojít k nekróze tkáně. Medicinální pijavky lze použít při poruchách venózní drenáže po replantaci prstů, ušních boltců, rtu a části nosu. V rekonstrukční chirurgii hlavy a krku existuje řada studií potvrzujících úspěšnost hirudoterapie při evakuaci hematomu nebo řešení komplikací po replantaci skalpu a přenosech volných a stopkovaných laloků. Terapie přikládáním pijavek může být indikována i jako součást nechirurgických metod zlepšujících kondici venózního řečiště.
Medicinal leeches (Hirudo medicinalis, Hirudo verbana) have been used in the field of medicine to treat various diseases for thousands of years. Popularity of their use changed over time and in Europe, it peaked at the beginning of the 19th century. In modern medicine, application of leeches on flaps with venous congestion was first used and described by Deganc and Zdravic in 1960. A certain renaissance of leech use is currently taking place, especially in the field of reconstructive surgery. In general, use of leeches is indicated during critical post-operative period, in which the microcirculation and veins are incapable of sufficient drainage of venous blood, which can lead to stagnation of circulation in tissues at all levels, clinically manifested as a change in color and turgor of the flap. If this venostasis is not recognized in time and treated adequately, tissue necrosis can develop. Medicinal leeches can be used in venous drainage disorders after a replantation of fingers, auricles, lips and parts of the nose. In head and neck reconstructive surgery, there are many studies that confirm the success rate of hirudotherapy in hematoma evacuation or in dealing with complications after scalp replantation and transfers of free and pedicled flaps. Leech application therapy can also be indicated as a part of non-surgical methods that improve conditions of the venous system.
- MeSH
- chirurgické laloky MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pijavka lékařská MeSH
- pooperační komplikace terapie MeSH
- přikládání pijavic * metody MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- zákroky plastické chirurgie * metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Přírodou ke zdraví
První vydání 220 stran : ilustrace ; 22 cm
Publikace se soustředí na metody terapie pomocí pijavic. Určeno odborné veřejnosti.
- MeSH
- pijavka lékařská MeSH
- přikládání pijavic metody MeSH
- Publikační typ
- monografie MeSH
- Konspekt
- Fyzioterapie. Psychoterapie. Alternativní lékařství
- NLK Obory
- alternativní lékařství
The digestive tract of medicinal leeches from commercial suppliers has been investigated previously and comprises of a relatively simple bacterial community. However, the microbiome of medicinal leeches collected directly from the natural habitat has not been examined. In this study, we characterized the bacterial community in the digestive tract (anterior crop, posterior crop, and intestine) of the European medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana, collected from the Danube river using culture-independent and culture-dependent approaches. Culture-independent approach confirmed that the digestive tract of H. verbana carries a relatively simple bacterial community with species richness in the individual samples ranging from 43 to164. The dominant bacterial taxon was Mucinivorans sp. (49.7% of total reads), followed by Aeromonas sp. (18.7% of total reads). Several low abundance taxa, new for H. verbana, such as Phreatobacter, Taibaiella, Fluviicola, Aquabacterium, Burkholderia, Hydrogenophaga, Wolinella, and unidentified Chitinophagia, were also detected. The aerobic culturing approach showed Aeromonas veronii (Proteobacteria), the known leech symbiont, as the most dominant taxon followed by several Pseudomonas and Acidovorax spp. No significant differences in the bacterial community composition were detected among different parts of the digestive tract of individual leeches. However, the overall composition of the bacterial community among individual specimen varied significantly and this is possibly due to differences in leech age, feeding status, and blood source. Our results showed that the core bacterial community of H. verbana collected from the natural habitat is similar to that reported from the digestive tract of commercially supplied leeches maintained in the laboratory.
- MeSH
- Bacteria klasifikace genetika MeSH
- bakteriální RNA analýza MeSH
- gastrointestinální trakt mikrobiologie MeSH
- pijavice mikrobiologie MeSH
- řeky MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S analýza MeSH
- střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Rumunsko MeSH
Haemadipsid leeches are among the most successful terrestrial invertebrates in Bornean rainforests. They are very common ectoparasites of vertebrates, and their abundance has facilitated the conduction of numerous projects in the fields of ecology, zoogeography and taxonomy. We undertook research on two species inhabiting lowland dipterocarp forest, Haemadipsa picta Moore, 1929 and Haemadipsa subagilis (Moore, 1929), in order to address the following questions: (a) is there a difference in leech abundance between trails and off-trails?; (b) is ambush location dependent on specimen size or is species-specific?; (c) is intra- and interspecific competition limited by differences in foraging behaviours or vertical niche partitioning? Our results clearly show that H. picta is more abundant on trails than on off-trails and is vertically dispersed within the understory; the size of a specimen is strongly correlated with plant height. Haemadipsa subagilis was found not to exhibit such patterns. We suggest a possible lowering of interspecific competition between these species as a result of: (i) size-dependent dispersion of H. picta (together with reduction of intraspecific competition); and (ii) habitat specialisation of H. subagilis. Moreover, we provide new observations on their foraging behaviour.
- MeSH
- chování zvířat MeSH
- deštný prales MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- kompetitivní chování * MeSH
- pijavice fyziologie MeSH
- stravovací zvyklosti * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Borneo MeSH
Factors that drive parasite specificity and differences in infection dynamics among alternative host species are important for ecology and evolution of host-parasite interactions, but still often poorly known in natural systems. Here, we investigated spatiotemporal dynamics of infection, host susceptibility and parasite-induced changes in host phenotype in a rarely explored host-parasite system, the Australapatemon sp. trematode infecting two sympatric species of freshwater leeches, Erpobdella octoculata and Helobdella stagnalis. We show significant variation in infection abundance between the host species in both space and time. Using experimental infections, we also show that most of this variation likely comes from interspecific differences in exposure rather than susceptibility. Moreover, we demonstrate that the hiding behaviour of E. octoculata, but not that of H. stagnalis, was impaired by the infection irrespective of the parasite abundance. This may increase susceptibility of E. octoculata to predation by the final avian host. We conclude that differences in patterns of infection and in behavioural alterations among alternative sympatric host species may arise in narrow spatial scales, which emphasises the importance of local infection and transmission dynamics for parasite life cycles.
Endemic Sicilian pond turtles Emys trinacris Fritz, Fattizzo, Guicking, Tripepi, Pennisi, Lenk, Joger et Wink were examined for the presence of haemogregarine parasites. The presence of haemogregarines, occurring mainly in the microgametocyte stage (13.2 ± 0.12 μm in length and 6.4 ± 0.52 μm in width), was observed in approximately 9% of the sampled E. trinacris. Based on the observed morphology and on the sequencing of nuclear 18S rDNA, we identified the parasite as Haemogregarina stepanowi Danilewsky, 1885. Morphometric study of uninfected and infected red blood cells has shown that H. stepanowi induces different changes in erythrocyte shape depending on the infective stage. The differential count of leukocytes in specimens infected with H. stepanowi showed no significant difference compared with healthy specimens. However, considering the health problems which might be induced by H. stepanowi in the closely related European pond turtle Emys orbicularis (Linneaus), monitoring of the health status of the infected Sicilian populations of E. trinacris is desirable. The restricted distribution of populations of Emys infected with haemogregarines in Sicily is quite puzzling and the possible human-mediated introduction of the parasite in Sicily is briefly discussed.
- MeSH
- Eucoccidiida klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace fyziologie MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- kokcidióza epidemiologie parazitologie veterinární MeSH
- pijavice fyziologie MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 18S genetika MeSH
- želvy parazitologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Sicilie MeSH
The majority of Haemogregarina species have been based on the morphology of their erythrocytic stages and supposed strict host specificity. The quantity of species with a limited number of overlapping diagnostic traits has led to a considerable mess in haemogregarine taxonomy and significant synonymy. We analysed host specificity, intra- and interspecific variability, evolutionary relationships, and the distribution of the type species of the genus Haemogregarina--H. stepanowi. The morphology of blood stages and 18S rDNA sequences of this haemogregarine from four western Palaearctic hard-shelled freshwater turtles (Emys orbicularis, Mauremys caspica, Mauremys leprosa and Mauremys rivulata) were compared with Haemogregarina balli. Additional sequences of 18S rDNA of Haemogregarina-like isolates collected from three species of African hinged terrapins (genus Pelusios) were used to enlarge the dataset for phylogenetic analyses. Thirteen sequences (1085 bp) of Haemogregarina representing all four western Palaearctic turtle species were identical, corresponding to H. stepanowi, which is closely related to the Nearctic species H. balli. In our analyses, Haemogregarina spp. constituted a monophyletic clade sister to the genus Hepatozoon. Haemogregarina stepanowi possesses a wide distribution range from the Maghreb, through Europe, Turkey and the Middle East to Iran. We consider that the genus Haemogregarina has a low host specificity crossing the family level of its vertebrate hosts and that its distribution is likely to be linked to the vector and definitive host--the leech.
- MeSH
- Eucoccidiida klasifikace cytologie genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- hostitelská specificita MeSH
- infekce přenášené vektorem MeSH
- interakce hostitele a parazita * MeSH
- kokcidióza parazitologie veterinární MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- pijavice parazitologie MeSH
- ribozomální DNA chemie genetika MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 18S genetika MeSH
- sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA veterinární MeSH
- sladká voda MeSH
- želvy parazitologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Fish parasitology has a long tradition in North America and numerous parasitologists have contributed considerably to the current knowledge of the diversity and biology of protistan and metazoan parasites of freshwater fishes. The Journal of Parasitology has been essential in disseminating this knowledge and remains a significant contributor to our understanding of fish parasites in North America as well as more broadly at the international level. However, with a few exceptions, the importance of fish parasites has decreased during the last decades, which is reflected in the considerable decline of funding and corresponding decrease of attention paid to these parasites in Canada and the United States of America. After the 'golden age' in the second half of the 20th Century, fish parasitology in Canada and the United States went in a new direction, driven by technology and a shift in priorities. In contrast, fish parasitology in Mexico has undergone rapid development since the early 1990s, partly due to extensive international collaboration and governmental funding. A critical review of the current data on the parasites of freshwater fishes in North America has revealed considerable gaps in the knowledge of their species composition, host specificity, life cycles, evolution, phylogeography, and relationships with their fish hosts. As to the key question, "Why so neglected?" this is probably because: (1) fish parasites are not in the forefront due to their lesser economic importance; (2) there is little funding for this kind of research, especially if a practical application is not immediately apparent; and (3) of shifting interests and a shortage of key personalities to train a new generation (they switched to marine habitats or other fields). Some of the opportunities for future research are outlined, such as climate change and cryptic species diversity. A significant problem challenging future research seems to be the loss of trained and experienced fish parasitologists. This has 2 major ramifications: the loss of expertise in identifying organisms that other biologists (e.g., ecologists, molecular biologists, evolutionists) work with, and an incomplete comprehension of ecosystem structure and function in the face of climate change, emerging diseases, and loss of biodiversity.
- MeSH
- Ciliophora klasifikace MeSH
- cizopasní červi klasifikace MeSH
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- dějiny 21. století MeSH
- Kinetoplastida klasifikace MeSH
- korýši klasifikace MeSH
- Microsporida klasifikace MeSH
- Myxozoa klasifikace MeSH
- nemoci ryb dějiny parazitologie MeSH
- opomíjené nemoci parazitologie veterinární MeSH
- parazitární nemoci u zvířat dějiny parazitologie MeSH
- parazitologie dějiny MeSH
- periodika jako téma dějiny MeSH
- pijavice klasifikace MeSH
- ryby MeSH
- sladká voda MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- dějiny 21. století MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Severní Amerika MeSH
