Doporučené postupy klinické péče o nosiče patogenních variant v klinicky relevantních nádorových predispozičních genech definují kroky primární a sekundární prevence, která by měla být těmto osobám ve vysokém riziku vzniku dědičných nádorů v ČR poskytnuta. Tvorba doporučení byla organizována pracovní skupinou onkogenetiky Společnosti lékařské genetiky a genomiky (SLG ČLS JEP) ve spolupráci se zástupci onkologie a onkogynekologie. Doporučené postupy vycházejí z aktuálních doporučení National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) a zohledňují kapacitní možnosti našeho zdravotnictví.
The Guidelines for Clinical Practice for carriers of pathogenic variants in clinically relevant cancer predisposition genes define the steps of primary and secondary prevention that should be provided to these individuals at high risk of developing hereditary cancer in the Czech Republic. The drafting of the guidelines was organized by the Oncogenetics Working Group of the Society for Medical Genetics and Genomics of J. E. Purkyně Czech Medical Society (SLG ČLS JEP) in cooperation with the representatives of oncology and oncogynecology. The guidelines are based on the current recommendations of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) and take into account the capacity of the Czech healthcare system.
- MeSH
- ATM protein genetika MeSH
- checkpoint kinasa 2 genetika MeSH
- genetická predispozice k nemoci * MeSH
- geny BRCA1 MeSH
- geny BRCA2 MeSH
- nádory prostaty diagnóza genetika prevence a kontrola MeSH
- nádory prsu diagnóza genetika prevence a kontrola MeSH
- nádory slinivky břišní diagnóza genetika prevence a kontrola MeSH
- nádory vaječníků diagnóza genetika prevence a kontrola MeSH
- primární prevence metody MeSH
- protein FANCN genetika MeSH
- sekundární prevence metody MeSH
- směrnice pro lékařskou praxi jako téma MeSH
- zárodečné mutace MeSH
PURPOSE: To estimate age-specific relative and absolute cancer risks of breast cancer and to estimate risks of ovarian, pancreatic, male breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers associated with germline PALB2 pathogenic variants (PVs) because these risks have not been extensively characterized. METHODS: We analyzed data from 524 families with PALB2 PVs from 21 countries. Complex segregation analysis was used to estimate relative risks (RRs; relative to country-specific population incidences) and absolute risks of cancers. The models allowed for residual familial aggregation of breast and ovarian cancer and were adjusted for the family-specific ascertainment schemes. RESULTS: We found associations between PALB2 PVs and risk of female breast cancer (RR, 7.18; 95% CI, 5.82 to 8.85; P = 6.5 × 10-76), ovarian cancer (RR, 2.91; 95% CI, 1.40 to 6.04; P = 4.1 × 10-3), pancreatic cancer (RR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.24 to 4.50; P = 8.7 × 10-3), and male breast cancer (RR, 7.34; 95% CI, 1.28 to 42.18; P = 2.6 × 10-2). There was no evidence for increased risks of prostate or colorectal cancer. The breast cancer RRs declined with age (P for trend = 2.0 × 10-3). After adjusting for family ascertainment, breast cancer risk estimates on the basis of multiple case families were similar to the estimates from families ascertained through population-based studies (P for difference = .41). On the basis of the combined data, the estimated risks to age 80 years were 53% (95% CI, 44% to 63%) for female breast cancer, 5% (95% CI, 2% to 10%) for ovarian cancer, 2%-3% (95% CI females, 1% to 4%; 95% CI males, 2% to 5%) for pancreatic cancer, and 1% (95% CI, 0.2% to 5%) for male breast cancer. CONCLUSION: These results confirm PALB2 as a major breast cancer susceptibility gene and establish substantial associations between germline PALB2 PVs and ovarian, pancreatic, and male breast cancers. These findings will facilitate incorporation of PALB2 into risk prediction models and optimize the clinical cancer risk management of PALB2 PV carriers.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
- internacionalita MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory prsu u mužů genetika MeSH
- nádory slinivky břišní genetika MeSH
- nádory vaječníků genetika MeSH
- nádory genetika MeSH
- protein FANCN genetika MeSH
- riziko MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- zárodečné mutace MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Breast cancer is currently the most common form of malignant tumour in womenboth in the Czech Republic and in most countries of the western world, and its incidence is constantly increasing. Many risk factors are known to play a major role in the development of this form of cancer. One of them is genetics, especially the BRCA1/2 genes. A higher risk of ovarian cancer is also associated with these genes. With the development of laboratory diagnostics massive parallel sequencing methods (NGS) are now routinely employed, enabling the detection of other pathogenic sequence variants, or variants of uncertain significance (VUS) not previously detected. Besides the high penetrance BRCA1/2 genes, medium and low penetrant genes also come to the fore. There were 2046 probands examined in the study, men and women, mainly from eastern part of the Czech Republic. These were selected for a genetic examination, after meeting indication criteria (probands from high-risk families or with breast or ovarian cancer). From this group only women, 2033 probands, were selected and were given a genetic examination for the possible presence of patogenic sequence variants in BRCA1/2 genes, or other candidate genes. Analyses were conducted in the laboratory using DHPLC or next generation sequencing. MLPA method is used for large rearrangements in genes. From all examined women 212 mutations were detected. The most mutations (128) were found in the BRCA1 gene (60%). In the BRCA2 gene 71 mutations (34%) were found and 13 more mutations (6%) were detected in another candidate genes (CHEK2, PALB2, ERCC4). The most frequent sequence variant was c.5266dupC in the BRCA1 gene. The results show that 72% of women with a confirmed mutation in the BRCA1 gene and 77.5% of women with the sequence variant BRCA2, already had breast cancer and 16.4% of women with BRCA1 and 7% of women with BRCA2 already had ovarian cancer. Only 21 high risk families used the possibility to be tested and had undergone targeted mutation testing. The study results suggest a reflection of the causes and needs for examination of patients and women predisposed to breast or ovarian cancer.
- MeSH
- checkpoint kinasa 2 genetika MeSH
- DNA vazebné proteiny genetika MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
- genetické testování MeSH
- geny BRCA1 fyziologie MeSH
- geny BRCA2 fyziologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- mutační rychlost * MeSH
- nádory prsu epidemiologie genetika MeSH
- nádory vaječníků epidemiologie genetika MeSH
- protein BRCA1 genetika MeSH
- protein BRCA2 genetika MeSH
- protein FANCN genetika MeSH
- prsy patologie MeSH
- tumor supresorové geny fyziologie MeSH
- zárodečné mutace genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Východiska: Nádorová onemocnění jsou ve většině případů multifaktoriální etiologie, na jejich vzniku se podílejí jak faktory vnějšího, tak vnitřního prostředí. Hereditární nádorové syndromy jsou převážně autozomálně dominantně dědičná onemocnění, s neúplnou, nicméně velmi vysokou penetrancí. Případ: Osmnáctiletá pacientka, virgo, přichází v červnu 2018 k ošetřujícímu gynekologovi pro metroragii. Magnetická rezonance pánve odhalí tumor velikosti 80 x 90 x 80 mm vycházející z oblasti děložního hrdla. Histologicky je potvrzen velmi vzácný, tzv. hyperkalcemický typ malobuněčného karcinomu děložního hrdla. Došetření germinálního exomu odhalilo patogenní variantu genů PALB2 a BRCA2 s doporučením podrobného vyšetření cestou lékařské genetiky. Závěr: Klinické zkušenosti s tímto typem nádoru jsou velmi omezené, ale nacházejí průnik v několika aspektech - gynekologické malobuněčné karcinomy jsou velice vzácná agresivní onemocnění s velmi špatnou prognózou, postihující převážně mladé ženy. Nejčastěji vycházejí z vaječníků, na tato onemocnění je relativně nejvíce dat, ale jsou popsány i případy lokalizace na cervixu, endometriu, v pochvě i vulvě. Jedná se o extrémně vzácný případ nádorového onemocnění, což dokumentuje i nedostatek klinických dat a popsaných kazuistik z celého světa, v našem případě spojeného s velmi málo pravděpodobnou genetickou mutační náloží, kterou pacientka získala od svých rodičů. Vzhledem k této zkušenosti doporučujeme při podobném nálezu pečlivě odebrat rodinou anamnézu a zvážit genetické testování.
Background: Oncological diseases have, in most cases, a multifactorial etiology, composed of a combination of external and internal environmental factors. Hereditary tumorous syndromes are mostly autosomal dominant diseases with incomplete but very high penetrance. Observation: The patient, an 18-year-old virgin female, consulted a gynecologist in June 2018 because of metrorrhagia. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a cervical tumor with the dimensions 80 x 90 x 80 mm. Histological analysis confirmed the presence of a very rare hypercalcemic type of small-cell carcinoma of the cervix. Further investigation of the germinal exom of the patient showed pathological variations in genes PALB2 and BRCA2, presented with recommendation of detailed examination by medical genetics. Conclusion: Clinical experience with this type of tumor is very limited, but it still comes with some useful outcome. Small cell carcinomas of the gynecologic tract are very rare, aggressive diseases, with very poor prognosis, affecting mainly young women. Their origin is most often the ovaries, based on most clinical data, but these tumor also localize to the endometrium, cervix, vagina and vulva. It is an extremely rare type of cancer, for which clinical data is scant due to the extremely low number of reported cases. In this patient, the carcinoma had an unusual genetical mutation burden, which she inherited from her parents. In the light of these findings, we recommend that patients suspected of having a small-cell of the gynecologic tract provide a detailed family history, and that genetic testing be considered in similar cases.
- MeSH
- dědičné nádorové syndromy diagnóza genetika terapie MeSH
- geny BRCA2 MeSH
- laparotomie metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- malobuněčný karcinom diagnóza genetika terapie MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- nádory děložního čípku * diagnóza genetika terapie MeSH
- protein FANCN MeSH
- protokoly protinádorové léčby MeSH
- radioterapie metody MeSH
- sekvenování exomu metody MeSH
- smrt MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
