• Keywords
• opistofon,
• MeSH
• History, 19th Century MeSH
• Psychoacoustics * MeSH
• Auditory Perception MeSH
• Research MeSH
• Check Tag
• History, 19th Century MeSH
• Publication type
• Historical Article MeSH

• About
• Purkyně, Jan Evangelista, 1787-1869 Authority

Visual processing difficulties are often present in Alzheimer's disease (AD), even in its pre-dementia phase (i.e. in mild cognitive impairment, MCI). The default mode network (DMN) modulates the brain connectivity depending on the specific cognitive demand, including visual processes. The aim of the present study was to analyze specific changes in connectivity of the posterior DMN node (i.e. the posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus, PCC/P) associated with visual processing in 17 MCI patients and 15 AD patients as compared to 18 healthy controls (HC) using functional magnetic resonance imaging. We used psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis to detect specific alterations in PCC connectivity associated with visual processing while controlling for brain atrophy. In the HC group, we observed physiological changes in PCC connectivity in ventral visual stream areas and with PCC/P during the visual task, reflecting the successful involvement of these regions in visual processing. In the MCI group, the PCC connectivity changes were disturbed and remained significant only with the anterior precuneus. In between-group comparison, we observed significant PPI effects in the right superior temporal gyrus in both MCI and AD as compared to HC. This change in connectivity may reflect ineffective "compensatory" mechanism present in the early pre-dementia stages of AD or abnormal modulation of brain connectivity due to the disease pathology. With the disease progression, these changes become more evident but less efficient in terms of compensation. This approach can separate the MCI from HC with 77% sensitivity and 89% specificity.

• MeSH
• Alzheimer Disease complications   MeSH
• Cognitive Dysfunction diagnostic imaging   etiology   pathology   MeSH
• Oxygen blood   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging MeSH
• Models, Neurological MeSH
• Brain pathology   MeSH
• Neural Pathways diagnostic imaging   physiopathology   MeSH
• Image Processing, Computer-Assisted MeSH
• Psychophysics MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Aging * MeSH
• Photic Stimulation MeSH
• Visual Perception physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Příručka pro lékaře o oboustranné korekci sluchových vad sluchadly.

• MeSH
• Hearing Loss MeSH
• Hearing Loss, Bilateral MeSH
• Hearing Disorders MeSH
• Psychoacoustics MeSH
• Hearing Aids MeSH
• Publication type
• Handbook MeSH

• Conspectus
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NML Fields
• otorinolaryngologie

This paper deals with sensitivity of human auditory to changes in sound phase spectrum. Although the human auditory system was considered “phase deaf” for a long time, nowadays a few recent studies proved that the change of sound phase spectrum has a significant impact on auditory perception. The aim of this paper is to verify these mentioned claims. To achieve this aim it is fundamental to perform listening tests with phase changed audio signals. The phase changes were applied to two groups of audio signals – synthetic signals and real signals. Thus, the listening test consisted of six different experiments and fourteen subjects participated in the listening test. The results of the test were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and the effect of phase changes to human auditory perception was determined based on these results.

• MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Psychoacoustics * MeSH
• Hearing Tests * methods   MeSH
• Research MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Sensory neurons are often reported to adjust their coding accuracy to the stimulus statistics. The observed match is not always perfect and the maximal accuracy does not align with the most frequent stimuli. As an alternative to a physiological explanation we show that the match critically depends on the chosen stimulus measurement scale. More generally, we argue that if we measure the stimulus intensity on the scale which is proportional to the perception intensity, an improved adjustment in the coding accuracy is revealed. The unique feature of stimulus units based on the psychophysical scale is that the coding accuracy can be meaningfully compared for different stimuli intensities, unlike in the standard case of a metric scale.

• MeSH
• Acoustic Stimulation MeSH
• Algorithms * MeSH
• Evoked Potentials physiology   MeSH
• Physical Stimulation MeSH
• Adaptation, Physiological physiology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Models, Neurological * MeSH
• Nerve Net cytology   physiology   MeSH
• Neurons physiology   MeSH
• Psychophysics MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Research indicated that (i) vaginal orgasm consistency is associated with indices of psychological, intimate relationship, and physiological functioning, and (ii) masturbation is adversely associated with some such measures. AIM: The aim of this study was to examine the association of various dyadic and masturbation behavior frequencies and percentage of female orgasms during these activities with: (i) measures of dyadic adjustment; (ii) sexual satisfaction; and (iii) compatibility perceived by both partners. METHODS: In a sample of 85 Czech long-term couples (aged 20-40; mean relationship length 5.4 years), both partners provided details of recent sexual behaviors and completed sexual satisfaction, Spanier dyadic adjustment, and Hurlbert sexual compatibility measures. Multiple regression analyses were used. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The association of sexual behaviors with dyadic adjustment, sexual compatibility, and satisfaction was analyzed. RESULTS: In multivariate analyses, women's dyadic adjustment is independently predicted by greater vaginal orgasm consistency and lower frequency of women's masturbation. For both sexes, sexual compatibility was independently predicted by higher frequency of penile-vaginal intercourse and greater vaginal orgasm consistency. Women's sexual satisfaction score was significantly predicted by greater vaginal orgasm consistency, frequency of partner genital stimulation, and negatively with masturbation. Men's sexual satisfaction score was significantly predicted by greater intercourse frequency and any vaginal orgasm of their female partners. Concordance of partner vaginal orgasm consistency estimates was associated with greater dyadic adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that specifically penile-vaginal intercourse frequency and vaginal orgasm consistency are associated with indices of greater intimate relationship adjustment, satisfaction, and compatibility of both partners, and that women's masturbation is independently inversely associated with measures of dyadic and personal function. Results are discussed in light of previous research and an evolutionary theory of vaginal orgasm.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Interpersonal Relations * MeSH
• Coitus physiology   psychology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Masturbation psychology   MeSH
• Orgasm physiology   MeSH
• Personal Satisfaction MeSH
• Perception MeSH
• Sexual Behavior physiology   psychology   MeSH
• Sexual Partners psychology   MeSH
• Signal Detection, Psychological * MeSH
• Vagina blood supply   physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH

Audio-visual integration has been shown to be present in a wide range of different conditions, some of which are processed through the dorsal, and others through the ventral visual pathway. Whereas neuroimaging studies have revealed integration-related activity in the brain, there has been no imaging study of the possible role of segregated visual streams in audio-visual integration. We set out to determine how the different visual pathways participate in this communication. We investigated how audio-visual integration can be supported through the dorsal and ventral visual pathways during the double flash illusion. Low-contrast and chromatic isoluminant stimuli were used to drive preferably the dorsal and ventral pathways, respectively. In order to identify the anatomical substrates of the audio-visual interaction in the two conditions, the psychophysical results were correlated with the white matter integrity as measured by diffusion tensor imaging.The psychophysiological data revealed a robust double flash illusion in both conditions. A correlation between the psychophysical results and local fractional anisotropy was found in the occipito-parietal white matter in the low-contrast condition, while a similar correlation was found in the infero-temporal white matter in the chromatic isoluminant condition. Our results indicate that both of the parallel visual pathways may play a role in the audio-visual interaction.

• MeSH
• Acoustic Stimulation MeSH
• Anisotropy MeSH
• White Matter physiology   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Brain Mapping MeSH
• Auditory Perception physiology   MeSH
• Photic Stimulation MeSH
• Signal Detection, Psychological physiology   MeSH
• Diffusion Tensor Imaging MeSH
• Imaging, Three-Dimensional MeSH
• Visual Perception physiology   MeSH
• Visual Pathways physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Sound exposure during the early postnatal period can significantly influence the function of the auditory system in rats during adulthood. In the present study, rat pups (strain Long-Evans) were exposed to broad-band noise at 125dB SPL for 8, 12 or 25min on postnatal day 14 and then at the age of 3-5months their frequency discrimination at 4 and 16kHz was assessed using a modified method of the prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex. In all groups of exposed rats, an altered frequency discrimination of the tonal stimuli was observed, in comparison with controls, at 70dB SPL. A worsening of frequency discrimination was observed even in animals exposed for 8min, the auditory thresholds of which were almost identical to that of control animals. The individual auditory thresholds did not correlate with frequency discrimination. The difference in frequency discrimination between the exposed and control animals disappeared at 85-90dB SPL. Our data suggests that brief noise exposure during the critical period of development results in the altered frequency discrimination at moderate sound intensities in adult rats, which may appear even in individuals with normal hearing thresholds.

• MeSH
• Acoustic Stimulation MeSH
• Analysis of Variance MeSH
• Time Factors MeSH
• Electroencephalography MeSH
• Noise * MeSH
• Rats MeSH
• Animals, Newborn MeSH
• Rats, Long-Evans MeSH
• Prepulse Inhibition physiology   MeSH
• Psychoacoustics MeSH
• Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem physiology   MeSH
• Auditory Threshold physiology   MeSH
• Reflex, Startle physiology   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Rats MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Inconsistent information from different modalities can be delusive for perception. This phenomenon can be observed with simultaneously presented inconsistent numbers of brief flashes and short tones. The conflict of bimodal information is reflected in double flash or fission, and flash fusion illusions, respectively. The temporal resolution of the vision system plays a fundamental role in the development of these illusions. As the parallel, dorsal and ventral pathways have different temporal resolution we presume that these pathways play different roles in the illusions. We used pathway-optimized stimuli to induce the illusions on separately driven visual streams. Our results show that both pathways support the double flash illusion, while the presence of the fusion illusion depends on the activated pathway. The dorsal pathway, which has better temporal resolution, does not support fusion, while the ventral pathway which has worse temporal resolution shows fusion strongly.

• MeSH
• Acoustic Stimulation MeSH
• Time Factors MeSH
• Illusions * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Psychometrics MeSH
• Auditory Perception MeSH
• Photic Stimulation methods   MeSH
• Signal Detection, Psychological MeSH
• Visual Perception * MeSH
• Visual Pathways physiology   MeSH
• Visual Cortex physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

One of the most widely investigated functions of the brain is vision. Whereas special attention is often paid to motion detection and its modulation by attention, comparatively still little is known about the structural background of this function. We therefore, examined the white matter microstructural background of coherent motion detection. A random-dot kinematogram paradigm was used to measure the sensitivity of healthy individuals׳ to movement coherence. The potential correlation was investigated between the motion detection threshold and the white matter microstructure as measured by high angular resolution diffusion MRI. The Track Based Spatial Statistics method was used to address this correlation and probabilistic tractography to reveal the connection between identified regions. A significant positive correlation was found between the behavioural data and the local fractional anisotropy in the posterior part of the right superior frontal gyrus, the right juxta-cortical superior parietal lobule, the left parietal white matter, the left superior temporal gyrus and the left optic radiation. Probabilistic tractography identified pathways that are highly similar to the segregated attention networks, which have a crucial role in the paradigm. This study draws attention to the structural determinant of a behavioural function.

• MeSH
• Anisotropy MeSH
• White Matter anatomy & histology   physiology   MeSH
• Differential Threshold physiology   MeSH
• Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Brain anatomy & histology   physiology   MeSH
• Neural Pathways anatomy & histology   physiology   MeSH
• Psychophysics MeSH
• Photic Stimulation MeSH
• Signal Detection, Psychological physiology   MeSH
• Motion Perception physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH