BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Microbial selenium (Se) supplementation is an essential area of biotechnological research due to differences in the bioavailability and toxicity of different forms of selenium. To date, research has focused mainly on the use of selenized yeast. However, in recent years, scientific interest has also increased in other microorganisms, such as lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which have several unique properties that can affect the quality and bioavailability of selenium. LAB, unlike yeast, can also act as probiotics, which may bring additional health benefits related to improving the intestinal microbiota and supporting the health of the gastrointestinal tract. METHODS: This study investigates the in vitro bioaccessibility and bioavailability of Se from two lactic acid bacterial strains, Streptococcus thermophilus CCDM 144 and Enterococcus faecium CCDM 922 A. We evaluated Se accumulation, speciation, and stability during simulated gastrointestinal digestion and Se permeation through a Caco-2 cell monolayer model. RESULTS: Both strains accumulated Se, metabolizing it predominantly into selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs, 64-77 % of total Se), with only a minor fraction (<5 % of total Se) of organic Se species. Experiments revealed that while organic Se species had high bioavailability (up to 90 %), their bioaccessibility during digestion was very low (<0.1 % of total Se). In contrast, SeNPs showed high bioaccessibility (∼90 %) and moderate transport efficiency through the intestinal model (16-19 % after 4 hours). CONCLUSION: These results highlight the potential of SeNPs produced by lactic acid bacteria as a bioaccessible form of Se for dietary supplementation. Further research is required to explore the behavior of SeNPs within the human body to fully understand how they can be used safely and effectively in nutrition or other applications.
- MeSH
- biologická dostupnost * MeSH
- biologické modely MeSH
- Caco-2 buňky MeSH
- funkce střevní bariéry MeSH
- Lactobacillales metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- permeabilita MeSH
- selen * metabolismus MeSH
- Streptococcus thermophilus metabolismus MeSH
- trávení MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- dieta MeSH
- játra fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci trávicího systému MeSH
- pankreas fyziologie MeSH
- trávení * fyziologie MeSH
- zdraví MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Food proteins and their peptides play a significant role in the important biological processes and physiological functions of the body. The peptides show diverse biological benefits ranging from anticancer to antihypertensive, anti-obesity, and immunomodulatory, among others. In this review, an overview of food protein digestion in the gastrointestinal tract and the mechanisms involved was presented. As some proteins remain resistant and undigested, the multifarious factors (e.g. protein type and structure, microbial composition, pH levels and redox potential, host factors, etc.) affecting their colonic fermentation, the derived peptides, and amino acids that evade intestinal digestion are thus considered. The section that follows focuses on the mechanisms of the peptides with anticancer, antihypertensive, anti-obesity, and immunomodulatory effects. As further considerations were made, it is concluded that clinical studies targeting a clear understanding of the gastrointestinal stability, bioavailability, and safety of food-based peptides are still warranted.
- MeSH
- antihypertenziva * farmakologie MeSH
- biologická dostupnost MeSH
- dietní proteiny * metabolismus MeSH
- gastrointestinální trakt metabolismus MeSH
- imunologické faktory farmakologie MeSH
- imunomodulační látky farmakologie MeSH
- látky proti obezitě * farmakologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- peptidy * farmakologie MeSH
- protinádorové látky * farmakologie MeSH
- střevní mikroflóra účinky léků MeSH
- trávení * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Yeasts have the remarkable capability to transform and integrate inorganic selenium into their cellular structures, thereby enhancing its bioavailability and reducing its toxicity. In recent years, yeasts have attracted attention as potential alternative sources of protein. METHODS: This study explores the selenium accumulation potential of two less explored yeast strains, namely the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii CCDM 2020 and Pichia fermentas CCDM 2012, in comparison to the extensively studied Saccharomyces cerevisiae CCDM 272. Our investigation encompassed diverse stress conditions. Subsequently, the selenized yeasts were subjected to an INFOGEST gastrointestinal model. The adherence and hydrophobicity were determined with undigested cells RESULTS: Stress conditions had an important role in influencing the quantity and size of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) generated by the tested yeasts. Remarkably, SeMet synthesis was limited to Pichia fermentas CCDM 2012 and S. boulardii CCDM 2020, with S. cerevisiae CCDM 272 not displaying SeMet production at all. Throughout the simulated gastrointestinal digestion, the most substantial release of SeCys2, SeMet, and SeNPs from the selenized yeasts occurred during the intestinal phase. Notably, exception was found in strain CCDM 272, where the majority of particles were released during the oral phase. CONCLUSION: The utilization of both traditional and non-traditional selenized yeast types, harnessed for their noted functional attributes, holds potential for expanding the range of products available while enhancing their nutritional value and health benefits.
This thorough study analyses the amounts of 43 minerals and trace elements in non-traditional wheat grains, flakes, and undigested flake portions using ICP-MS and establishes declines in their respective contents after the flake production. It also identifies appropriate dietary intakes, in vitro digestibility values, retention factors, and metal pollution indexes. The element contents in wheat flakes are lower than in wheat grains after the hydrothermal treatment process, and their declines are: Na (48-72%), Ce (47-72%), Sr (43-55%), Tl (33-43%), Ti (32-41%), U (31-44%), Ho (29-69%), Cr (26-64%), Zr (26-58%), Ag (25-52%), and Ca (25-46%). The flakes significantly contributed to the recommended dietary intake or adequate intake of particular elements for men of all categories as follows: Mn (143%) > Mo > Cu > Mg ≥ Cr > Fe (16%); for women: Mn (up to 183%) > Mo > Cu > Cr ≥ Mg > Fe (7-16%); for pregnant women aged 19-30: Mn (165%) > Mo > Cu > Mg > Cr (25%); and finally, for lactating women: Mn (127%) > Mo > Cu > Mg > Cr (17%). The contributions to the provisional tolerable weekly or monthly intakes of all toxic elements were established as being within the official limits. The daily intakes for non-essential elements were also calculated. The retention factors were calculated to assess the element concentrations in the undigested part using the digestibility values (87.4-90.5%). The highest retention factors were obtained for V (63-92%), Y (57-96%), Ce (43-76%), Pb (34-58%), Tl (32-70%), Ta (31-66%), and Ge (30-49%). K, Mg, P, Zn, Ba, Bi, Ga, Sb, Cu, Ni, and As appear to be released easily from flake matrices during digestion. The metal pollution index has been confirmed as being lower for non-traditional wheat flakes when compared with grains. Importantly, 15-25% of the metal pollution index assessed for native flakes remains in the undigested flake portion after in vitro digestion.
- MeSH
- kovy analýza MeSH
- laktace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- minerály analýza MeSH
- přijímání potravy MeSH
- pšenice MeSH
- stopové prvky * analýza MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- trávení MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Škrob je biopolymer, obsažený v rostlinách a řasách. V zelených rostlinách se tvoří při fotosyntéze v chloroplastech jako tzv. tranzitní škrob, který je v průběhu temné fáze transportován v podobě rozpustných sacharidů do zásobních orgánů rostlin, kde je opět převe‐ den do podoby škrobových zrn. Tato opětná syntéza se liší pro jednoděložné a dvouděložné rostliny. Průmyslově izolovaný škrob má řadu využití, hlavní roli hraje enzymová hydrolýza na sirupy, které pak mohou být výchozí látkou pro celou řadu dalších biochemických transformací. Článek se věnuje rovněž nutričním aspektům škrobu, především jeho stravitelností. Je popsán základní princip enzymo‐ vých metod ke stanovení obsahu celkového škrobu, obsahu amylosy, rychle a pomalu stravitelného škrobu a škrobu rezistentního.
Starch is a biopolymer found in plants and algae. In green plants, it is formed during photosynthesis in the chloroplasts as so ‐called transitory starch, which is transported during the dark phase in the form of soluble carbohydrates to the storage organs of plants, where it is again converted into the form of starch granules. This repeated synthesis is different for monocots and dicots. Industria‐ lly isolated starch has a number of uses, the main role is played by enzyme hydrolysis into syrups, which can then be the starting material for a whole range of subsequent biochemical transformations. The article also deals with the nutritional aspects of starch, especially its digestibility. The basic principle of enzyme methods to determine the content of total starch, amylose content, rapidly and slowly digestible starch and resistant starch is described.
Proteomics of human tissues and isolated cellular subpopulations create new opportunities for therapy and monitoring of a patients' treatment in the clinic. Important considerations in such analysis include recovery of adequate amounts of protein for analysis and reproducibility in sample collection. In this study we compared several protocols for proteomic sample preparation: i) filter-aided sample preparation (FASP), ii) in-solution digestion (ISD) and iii) a pressure-assisted digestion (PCT) method. PCT method is known for already a decade [1], however it is not widely used in proteomic research. We assessed protocols for proteome profiling of isolated immune cell subsets and formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue samples. Our results show that the ISD method has very good efficiency of protein and peptide identification from the whole proteome, while the FASP method is particularly effective in identification of membrane proteins. Pressure-assisted digestion methods generally provide lower numbers of protein/peptide identifications, but have gained in popularity due to their shorter digestion time making them considerably faster than for ISD or FASP. Furthermore, PCT does not result in substantial sample loss when applied to samples of 50 000 cells. Analysis of FFPE tissues shows comparable results. ISD method similarly yields the highest number of identifications. Furthermore, proteins isolated from FFPE samples show a significant reduction of cleavages at lysine sites due to chemical modifications with formaldehyde-such as methylation (+14 Da) being among the most common. The data we present will be helpful for making decisions about the robust preparation of clinical samples for biomarker discovery and studies on pathomechanisms of various diseases.
- MeSH
- formaldehyd MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- proteom * MeSH
- proteomika * MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- trávení MeSH
- zalévání tkání do parafínu MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
