• MeSH
• amébová dyzenterie diagnóza   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• ankylostomóza diagnóza   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• anthelmintika aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• askarióza diagnóza   epidemiologie   terapie   MeSH
• balantidióza diagnóza   etiologie   MeSH
• blastocystóza MeSH
• cestodózy patofyziologie   přenos   terapie   MeSH
• Cryptosporidium parvum patogenita   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• cyklosporóza diagnóza   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• dientamébóza diagnóza   patofyziologie   MeSH
• Entamoeba histolytica patogenita   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• enterobióza diagnóza   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• Giardia lamblia patogenita   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• giardiáza diagnóza   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• helmintóza * diagnóza   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• infekce červy třídy Trematoda etiologie   přenos   terapie   MeSH
• izosporóza diagnóza   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• kryptosporidióza diagnóza   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mebendazol terapeutické užití   MeSH
• metronidazol škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• nekatoriáza diagnóza   etiologie   terapie   MeSH
• nematodózy patofyziologie   přenos   MeSH
• parazitární nemoci střev * diagnóza   epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• paromomycin terapeutické užití   MeSH
• strongyloidiáza diagnóza   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• trichurióza diagnóza   etiologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Helminth infections are among the World Health Organization's top neglected diseases with significant impact in many Less Economically Developed Countries. Despite no longer being endemic in Europe, the widespread presence of helminth eggs in archaeological deposits indicates that helminths represented a considerable burden in past European populations. Prevalence of infection is a key epidemiological feature that would influence the elimination of endemic intestinal helminths, for example, low prevalence rates may have made it easier to eliminate these infections in Europe without the use of modern anthelminthic drugs. To determine historical prevalence rates we analysed 589 grave samples from 7 European sites dated between 680 and 1700 CE, identifying two soil transmitted nematodes (Ascaris spp. and Trichuris trichiura) at all locations, and two food derived cestodes (Diphyllobothrium latum and Taenia spp.) at 4 sites. The rates of nematode infection in the medieval populations (1.5 to 25.6% for T. trichiura; 9.3-42.9% for Ascaris spp.) were comparable to those reported within modern endemically infected populations. There was some evidence of higher levels of nematode infection in younger individuals but not at all sites. The genetic diversity of T. trichiura ITS-1 in single graves was variable but much lower than with communal medieval latrine deposits. The prevalence of food derived cestodes was much lower (1.0-9.9%) than the prevalence of nematodes. Interestingly, sites that contained Taenia spp. eggs also contained D. latum which may reflect local culinary practices. These data demonstrate the importance of helminth infections in Medieval Europe and provide a baseline for studies on the epidemiology of infection in historical and modern contexts. Since the prevalence of medieval STH infections mirror those in modern endemic countries the factors affecting STH decline in Europe may also inform modern intervention campaigns.

• MeSH
• anthelmintika terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Ascaris MeSH
• askarióza epidemiologie   přenos   MeSH
• cizopasní červi genetika   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• helmintóza farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   přenos   MeSH
• hlístice MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• opomíjené nemoci epidemiologie   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• půda parazitologie   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• střeva parazitologie   MeSH
• toalety MeSH
• trichurióza epidemiologie   přenos   MeSH
• Trichuris MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

Nematodes belonging to the Trichuris genus are prevalent soil-transmitted helminths with a worldwide distribution in mammals, while humans are mainly affected in areas with insufficient sanitation such as in Africa, Asia and South America. Traditionally, whipworms infecting primates are referred to Trichuris trichiura, but recent molecular and morphological evidence suggests that more than one species may be able to infect humans and non-human primates. Here, we analyzed the genetic diversity and phylogeny of Trichuris infecting five different non-human primate species kept in captivity using sequencing of three mitochondrial genes (cox1, rrnL and cob). Phylogenetic analyses of both single and concatenated datasets suggested the presence of two main evolutionary lineages and several highly supported clades likely existing as separate taxa. The first lineage included Trichuris infecting the mantled guereza (Colobus guereza kikuyensis), the chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) and the green monkeys (Chlorocebus spp.), clustering together with Trichuris suis; the second lineage included Trichuris infecting the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) and the hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas), clustering together with Trichuris spp. infecting humans. These results were supported by the genetic distance between samples, which suggested that at least two taxa are able to infect macaques, baboons and humans. The present study improves our understanding of the taxonomy and evolutionary relationships among Trichuris spp. infecting primates. It moreover suggests that multiple Trichuris spp. may circulate among host species and that Trichuris in non human primates (NHPs) may be zoonotic. Further studies are important to better understand the epidemiology of Trichuris in primates and for implementing appropriate control and/or conservation measures.

• MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA genetika   MeSH
• nemoci primátů parazitologie   MeSH
• primáti MeSH
• trichurióza parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• Trichuris klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Throughout history, humans have been afflicted by parasitic worms, and eggs are readily detected in archaeological deposits. This study integrated parasitological and ancient DNA methods with a large sample set dating between Neolithic and Early Modern periods to explore the utility of molecular archaeoparasitology as a new approach to study the past. Molecular analyses provided unequivocal species-level parasite identification and revealed location-specific epidemiological signatures. Faecal-oral transmitted nematodes (Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura) were ubiquitous across time and space. By contrast, high numbers of food-associated cestodes (Diphyllobothrium latum and Taenia saginata) were restricted to medieval Lübeck. The presence of these cestodes and changes in their prevalence at approximately 1300 CE indicate substantial alterations in diet or parasite availability. Trichuris trichiura ITS-1 sequences grouped into two clades; one ubiquitous and one restricted to medieval Lübeck and Bristol. The high sequence diversity of T.tITS-1 detected in Lübeck is consistent with its importance as a Hanseatic trading centre. Collectively, these results introduce molecular archaeoparasitology as an artefact-independent source of historical evidence.

• MeSH
• archeologie MeSH
• cizopasní červi klasifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• dějiny 15. století MeSH
• dějiny 16. století MeSH
• dějiny 17. století MeSH
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• dějiny středověku MeSH
• feces parazitologie   MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• kulturní evoluce * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• parazitologie MeSH
• počet parazitárních vajíček MeSH
• starobylá DNA analýza   MeSH
• trichurióza epidemiologie   dějiny   parazitologie   MeSH
• Trichuris genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• velkoměsta MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 15. století MeSH
• dějiny 16. století MeSH
• dějiny 17. století MeSH
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• dějiny středověku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Německo MeSH
• velkoměsta MeSH

The aim of this study was to identify Trichuris species in wild ruminants from 32 localities in the Czech Republic using morphological and molecular methods (ITS1-5.8S RNA-ITS2 region polymorphisms). Trichurids were obtained from 176 wild ruminants (roe deer, sika deer, red deer, fallow deer and mouflons) that were culled between 2009 and 2017. Trichuris discolor is the predominant trichurid of all of the above-mentioned wild ruminants, whereas Trichuris ovis was identified less frequently in roe deer, fallow deer, sika deer and mouflons. Red deer were parasitised exclusively by T. discolor. Young hosts under 1 year of age were more intensively infected by trichurids than were adults (χ2 = 32.02, p = 0.00). Trichurid prevalence results obtained through coprological methods and those based on parasitological dissections differed significantly (χ2 = 16.26, p = 0.00). The regression analysis indicated that the eggs per gram (EPG) threshold (20 EPG) was exceeded only if the host was parasitised by more than 7 trichurid females. Full concordance between the positive results obtained by the coprological methods and those obtained via direct dissections was achieved when the number of trichurid females per host exceeded 51.

• MeSH
• divoká zvířata parazitologie   MeSH
• ovce domácí parazitologie   MeSH
• trichurióza epidemiologie   parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• Trichuris klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• vysoká zvěř parazitologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The main aim of the study was to evaluate associations between morphological variability of Trichuris females from sheep and roe deer and their rDNA polymorphism in whipworm populations from the Czech Republic. The results introduced the use of new molecular markers based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1-5.8S RNA-ITS2 region polymorphisms, as useful tools for the unambiguous differentiation of congeners Trichuris ovis and Trichuris discolor. These markers revealed both parasites in roe deer and in sheep; however, T. ovis females predominated in sheep while T. discolor females occurred mostly in roe deer. Additional analysis of ITS1-5.8 rRNA-ITS2 discovered the genetic uniformity of the analysed T. discolor but high haplotype variation of T. ovis. Simultaneously, molecularly designated female individuals of both species were categorised into four morphotypes (MT) on the basis of morphology of genital pore area. MT1 and MT4 (vulvar opening on everted vaginal appendage/on visible cuticular bulge) occurred only in T. ovis, MT2 (uneverted vagina-vulvar opening without any elevation) was identified only in T. discolor and MT3 (transient type of vulvar opening on a small swelling) was observed in both species. Statistical analysis of biometric data confirmed that morphology of vulva is not a reliable marker for the species determination. On the basis of the ITS1-5.8S RNA-ITS2 region variability, we carried out a phylogenetic analysis (maximum likelihood method, Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano model) which showed that T. ovis haplotypes from the Czech Republic and Ireland and T. discolor haplotypes from the Czech Republic, Spain, Iran and Japan are sister OTUs.

• MeSH
• DNA helmintů MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• molekulární typizace MeSH
• nemoci ovcí parazitologie   MeSH
• ovce genetika   parazitologie   MeSH
• polymorfismus genetický MeSH
• ribozomální DNA genetika   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální MeSH
• trichurióza parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• Trichuris anatomie a histologie   klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• vysoká zvěř parazitologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Trichuris sp. individuals were collected from Myocastor coypus from fancy breeder farms in the Czech Republic. Using morphological and biometrical methods, 30 female and 30 male nematodes were identified as Trichuris myocastoris. This paper presents the first molecular description of this species. The ribosomal DNA (rDNA) region, consisting of internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-1, 5.8 gene and ITS-2, was sequenced. Based on an analysis of 651 bp, T. myocastoris was found to be different from any other Trichuris species for which published sequencing of the ITS region is available. The phylogenetic relationships were estimated using the maximum parsimony methods and Bayesian analyses. T. myocastoris was found to be significantly closely related to Trichuris of rodents than those of ruminants.

• MeSH
• Bayesova věta MeSH
• DNA helmintů chemie   genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• trichurióza epidemiologie   veterinární   virologie   MeSH
• Trichuris * anatomie a histologie   klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

Trichuris nematodes were isolated from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). At first, nematodes were determined using morphological and biometrical methods. Subsequently genomic DNA was isolated and the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 segment from ribosomal DNA (RNA) was amplified and sequenced using PCR techniques. With u sing morphological and biometrical methods, female nematodes were identified as Trichuris globulosa, and the only male was identified as Trichuris ovis. The females were classified into four morphotypes. However, analysis of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) of specimens did not confirm this classification. Moreover, the female individuals morphologically determined as T. globulosa were molecularly identified as Trichuris discolor. In the case of the only male molecular analysis match the result of the molecular identification. Furthermore, a comparative phylogenetic study was carried out with the ITS1 and ITS2 sequences of the Trichuris species from various hosts. A comparison of biometric information from T. discolor individuals from this study was also conducted.

• MeSH
• DNA helmintů chemie   genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• mikroskopie MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 5.8S genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• trichurióza parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• Trichuris anatomie a histologie   klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• vysoká zvěř parazitologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• Program Burkina Faso,
• MeSH
• Ancylostoma patogenita   MeSH
• ankylostomóza MeSH
• Ascaris patogenita   MeSH
• askarióza MeSH
• Chagasova nemoc epidemiologie   MeSH
• filarióza MeSH
• infekční nemoci * epidemiologie   přenos   terapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• onchocerkóza oční MeSH
• parazitární nemoci * epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   přenos   terapie   MeSH
• podpora zdraví MeSH
• programy Healthy People ekonomika   organizace a řízení   MeSH
• Schistosoma patogenita   MeSH
• Světová zdravotnická organizace MeSH
• toxokaróza MeSH
• trachom epidemiologie   MeSH
• trichurióza MeSH
• tropické lékařství * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• západní Afrika MeSH

• MeSH
• anthelmintika aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Ascaris lumbricoides izolace a purifikace   patogenita   účinky léků   MeSH
• Ascaris suum izolace a purifikace   patogenita   účinky léků   MeSH
• biomedicínský výzkum MeSH
• cizopasní červi * izolace a purifikace   patogenita   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Crohnova nemoc * diagnóza   farmakoterapie   parazitologie   MeSH
• farmakoterapie * metody   využití   MeSH
• Giardia izolace a purifikace   patogenita   účinky léků   MeSH
• imunitní systém parazitologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• rovnováha Th1-Th2 fyziologie   genetika   účinky léků   MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• trichurióza diagnóza   prevence a kontrola   terapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH