OBJECTIVES: Stability of concentrations of urinary stone-related metabolites was analyzed from samples of recurrent urinary stone formers to assess necessity and effectiveness of urine acidification during collection and storage. METHODS: First-morning urine was collected from 20 adult calcium-stone forming patients at Tomas Bata Hospital in the Czech Republic. Urine samples were analyzed for calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphate, uric acid, sodium, potassium, chloride, citrate, oxalate, and urine particles. The single-voided specimens were collected without acidification, after which they were divided into three groups for storage: samples without acidification ("NON"), acidification before storage ("PRE"), or acidification after storage ("POST"). The analyses were conducted on the day of arrival (day 0, "baseline"), or after storage for 2 or 7 days at room temperature. The maximum permissible difference (MPD) was defined as ±20 % from the baseline. RESULTS: The urine concentrations of all stone-related metabolites remained within the 20 % MPD limits in NON and POST samples after 2 days, except for calcium in NON sample of one patient, and oxalate of three patients and citrate of one patient in POST samples. In PRE samples, stability failed in urine samples for oxalate of three patients, and for uric acid of four patients after 2 days. Failures in stability often correlated with high baseline concentrations of those metabolites in urine. CONCLUSIONS: Detailed procedures are needed to collect urine specimens for analysis of urinary stone-related metabolites, considering both patient safety and stability of those metabolites. We recommend specific preservation steps.
- MeSH
- analýza moči metody MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- kyselina močová moč MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- močové kameny * moč MeSH
- odběr biologického vzorku metody MeSH
- recidiva * MeSH
- sbírání vzorku moči metody MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Aminophylline, a bronchodilator mainly used to treat severe asthma attacks, may induce arrhythmias. Unfortunately, the underlying mechanism is not well understood. We have recently described a significant, on average inhibitory effect of aminophylline on inward rectifier potassium current IK1, known to substantially contribute to arrhythmogenesis, in rat ventricular myocytes at room temperature. This study was aimed to examine whether a similar effect may be observed under clinically relevant conditions. Experiments were performed using the whole cell patch clamp technique at 37°C on enzymatically isolated healthy porcine and failing human ventricular myocytes. The effect of clinically relevant concentrations of aminophylline (10-100 μM) on IK1 did not significantly differ in healthy porcine and failing human ventricular myocytes. IK1 was reversibly inhibited by ∼20 and 30 % in the presence of 30 and 100 μM aminophylline, respectively, at -110 mV; an analogical effect was observed at -50 mV. To separate the impact of IK1 changes on AP configuration, potentially interfering ionic currents were blocked (L-type calcium and delayed rectifier potassium currents). A significant prolongation of AP duration was observed in the presence of 100 μM aminophylline in porcine cardiomyocytes which well agreed with the effect of a specific IK1 inhibitor Ba2+ (10 μM) and with the result of simulations using a porcine ventricular cell model. We conclude that the observed effect of aminophylline on healthy porcine and failing human IK1 might be involved in its proarrhythmic action. To fully understand the underlying mechanism, potential aminophylline impact on other ionic currents should be explored.
- MeSH
- akční potenciály účinky léků MeSH
- aminofylin * farmakologie MeSH
- draslíkové kanály dovnitř usměrňující * metabolismus MeSH
- kardiomyocyty * účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metoda terčíkového zámku MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- srdeční komory účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- srdeční selhání metabolismus farmakoterapie MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
OBJECTIVE: This research aims to design and evaluate an enteric-coated hard capsule dosage form for targeted delivery of biological materials, such as FMT (fecal microbiota transplant) or live microbes, to the distal parts of the GIT. The capsules are designed to be internally protected against destruction by hydrophilic filling during passage through the digestive tract. METHODS: Hard gelatin capsules and DRcapsTMcapsules based on HPMC and gellan were used to encapsulate a hydrophilic body temperature-liquefying gelatin hydrogel with caffeine or insoluble iron oxide mixture. Different combinations of polymers were tested for the internal (ethylcellulose, Eudragit® E, and polyvinyl acetate) and external (Eudragit® S, Acryl-EZE®, and cellacefate) coating. The external protects against the acidic gastric environment, while the internal protects against the liquid hydrophilic filling during passage. Coated capsules were evaluated using standard disintegration and modified dissolution methods for delayed-release dosage forms. RESULTS: Combining suitable internal (ethylcellulose 1.0 %) and external (Eudragit® S 20.0 %) coating of DRcapsTM capsules with the wiping and immersion method achieved colonic release times. While most coated capsules met the pharmaceutical requirements for delayed release, one combination stood out. Colonic times were indicated by the dissolution of soluble caffeine (during 120-720 min) measured by the dissolution method, and capsule rupture was indicated by the release of insoluble iron oxide (after 480 min) measured by the disintegration method. This promising result demonstrates the composition's suitability and potential to protect the content until it's released, inspiring hope for the future of colon-targeted delivery systems and its potential for the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. CONCLUSION: Innovative and easy capsule coatings offer significant potential for targeted drugs, especially FMT water suspension, to the GIT, preferably the colon. The administration method is robust and not considerably affected by the quantity of internal or external coatings. It can be performed in regular laboratories without specialized individual and personalized treatment equipment, making it a practical and feasible method for drug delivery.
- MeSH
- bakteriální polysacharidy chemie MeSH
- biokompatibilní materiály chemie MeSH
- celulosa * chemie analogy a deriváty MeSH
- deriváty hypromelózy chemie MeSH
- hydrofobní a hydrofilní interakce * MeSH
- hydrogely chemie MeSH
- kofein chemie aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- kolon * metabolismus MeSH
- kyseliny polymethakrylové chemie MeSH
- léky s prodlouženým účinkem chemie MeSH
- polymery chemie MeSH
- polyvinyly chemie MeSH
- systémy cílené aplikace léků * metody MeSH
- tobolky * MeSH
- uvolňování léčiv * MeSH
- želatina * chemie MeSH
- železité sloučeniny chemie aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Panel odborníků (PO) z České republiky a Slovenské republiky s přispěním profesora C. Borghi z Boloňské univerzity projednal klinický postup pro vyšetřování a léčbu hyperurikemie (HU) u pacientů se zvýšeným kardiovaskulárním (KV) rizikem. Vzhledem k tomu, že zvýšená hladina kyseliny močové (KM) modifikuje KV-riziko, je potřeba ji považovat za významný modifikující faktor KV-rizika a identifikovat pacienty, u nichž může její terapeutické snížení zlepšit KV-parametry. Absence selekce vhodných pacientů je zřejmě důvodem dosavadních nejednotných výsledků studií, které hodnotily klinické výsledky antihyperurikemické léčby. Panel odborníků navrhuje léčit HU danou zvýšením aktivity xantinoxidázy (XO), která je spojena se zvýšením KV-rizika, nikoliv HU vzniklou v důsledku snížené renální exkrece KM, která není z KV-hlediska tak riziková. Pro odlišení navrhuje PO používat nový index poměru sérové hladiny KM a kreatininu (sKM/sKr), který prokázal korelaci s výskytem KV-příhod. Hladinu KM doporučuje PO za účelem KV-prevence vyšetřovat u pacientů se zvýšeným KV-rizikem (s hypertenzí, diabetem, dyslipidemií, chronickým onemocněním ledvin, akumulací KV-rizikových faktorů či KV-onemocněním) a při hodnotě indexu sKM/sKr > 3,6 zahájit intervenci k cílovým hodnotám KM v séru < 360 μmol/l u mužů a < 300 μmol/l u žen. Intervence spočívá v edukaci pacienta a úpravě životního stylu, optimalizaci léčby dalších KV-rizikových faktorů a podávání inhibitoru XO, v 1. linii alopurinolu. Dávku alopurinolu je třeba postupně titrovat v rozmezí obvykle 100–300 mg/den podle dosažení cílové hladiny KM při pravidelných kontrolách 1krát za 4–6 týdnů. Po stabilizaci stavu je doporučena pokračující léčba za pravidelného monitorování 1krát za 6 měsíců.
A panel of experts from the Czech and Slovak Republics, with the contribution of Professor C. Borghi from the University of Bologna, discussed the clinical approach for the investigation and treatment of hyperuricemia (HU) in patients with increased cardiovascular (CV) risk. Since elevated uric acid (UA) modifies CV risk, it should be considered as an important modifier of CV risk and patients in whom its therapeutic reduction may improve CV parameters should be identified. The lack of selection of suitable patients is probably the reason for the inconsistent results of studies evaluating the clinical outcomes of antihyperuricemic therapy to date. The expert panel suggests treating HU due to an increase in xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, which is associated with an increase in CV risk, rather than HU due to decreased renal excretion of UA, which is not as risky from a CV perspective. To differentiate, he proposes to use a new index of the ratio of serum UA to creatinine (sUA/sCr), which has been shown to correlate with the incidence of CV events. For the purpose of CV prevention, it is recommended to investigate UA levels in patients with increased CV risk (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, accumulation of CV risk factors or CVD) and to initiate intervention to target serum UA levels < 360 μmol/l in men and < 300 μmol/l in women with sUA/sCr index > 3.6. Intervention consists of patient education and lifestyle modification, optimization of treatment of other CV risk factors and administration of an XO inhibitor, allopurinol in the first line. The dose of allopurinol should be gradually titrated, usually in the range of 100–300 mg/day, according to the achievement of the target level of UA, with regular checks every 4–6 weeks. After stabilization of the condition, continued treatment with regular monitoring every 6 months is recommended.
- MeSH
- alopurinol aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- hyperurikemie * diagnóza komplikace patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci * komplikace prevence a kontrola MeSH
- kreatinin krev MeSH
- kyselina močová krev metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- rizikové faktory kardiovaskulárních chorob MeSH
- směrnice pro lékařskou praxi jako téma MeSH
- xanthinoxidasa antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
The combination of aminophylline and salbutamol is frequently used in clinical practice in the treatment of obstructive lung diseases. While the side effects (including arrhythmias) of the individual bronchodilator drugs were well described previously, the side effects of combined treatment are almost unknown. We aimed to study the arrhythmogenic potential of combined aminophylline and salbutamol treatment in vitro. For this purpose, we used the established atomic force microscopy (AFM) model coupled with cardiac organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-CMs). We focused on the chronotropic, inotropic, and arrhythmogenic effects of salbutamol alone and aminophylline and salbutamol combined treatment. We used a method based on heart rate/beat rate variability (HRV/BRV) analysis to detect arrhythmic events in the hPSC-CM based AFM recordings. Salbutamol and aminophylline had a synergistic chronotropic and inotropic effect compared to the effects of monotherapy. Our main finding was that salbutamol reduced the arrhythmogenic effect of aminophylline, most likely mediated by endothelial nitric oxide synthase activated by beta-2 adrenergic receptors. These findings were replicated and confirmed using hPSC-CM derived from two cell lines (CCTL4 and CCTL12). Data suggest that salbutamol as an add-on therapy may not only deliver a bronchodilator effect but also increase the cardiovascular safety of aminophylline, as salbutamol reduces its arrhythmogenic potential.
- MeSH
- albuterol * farmakologie MeSH
- aminofylin * farmakologie MeSH
- bronchodilatancia farmakologie MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- kardiomyocyty účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikroskopie atomárních sil MeSH
- pluripotentní kmenové buňky účinky léků cytologie MeSH
- srdeční arytmie * farmakoterapie MeSH
- srdeční frekvence účinky léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Gout is a chronic disease that is caused by an innate immune response to deposited monosodium urate crystals in the setting of hyperuricemia. Here, we provide insights into the molecular mechanism of the poorly understood inflammatory component of gout from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 2.6 million people, including 120,295 people with prevalent gout. We detected 377 loci and 410 genetically independent signals (149 previously unreported loci in urate and gout). An additional 65 loci with signals in urate (from a GWAS of 630,117 individuals) but not gout were identified. A prioritization scheme identified candidate genes in the inflammatory process of gout, including genes involved in epigenetic remodeling, cell osmolarity and regulation of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activity. Mendelian randomization analysis provided evidence for a causal role of clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential in gout. Our study identifies candidate genes and molecular processes in the inflammatory pathogenesis of gout suitable for follow-up studies.
- MeSH
- celogenomová asociační studie * MeSH
- dna (nemoc) * genetika MeSH
- genetická predispozice k nemoci * MeSH
- hyperurikemie genetika MeSH
- jednonukleotidový polymorfismus * MeSH
- kyselina močová * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mendelovská randomizace MeSH
- protein NLRP3 genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Cíl: V této studii jsme se zaměřili na zhodnocení diagnostické hodnoty skóre HALP, hodnoty kyseliny močové v séru a poměru kyselina močová-kreatinin, což jsou zánětlivé markery v diagnostice preeklampsie (PE). Materiál a metody: Do studie bylo zařazeno 166 těhotných žen, které splnily kritéria pro zařazení a vyloučení. Byly rozděleny do dvou skupin: 81 těhotných žen s diagnózou PE (skupina PE) a 85 těhotných žen se zdravým těhotenstvím (kontrolní skupina). Demografická a porodnická historie skupin: týdny těhotenství při diagnóze; hematologické a biochemické parametry; skóre hemoglobinu, albuminu, lymfocytů a destiček (HALP) a poměr kyselina močová-kreatinin v séru (sUA/sCr); a výsledky novorozenců byly zaznamenány a porovnány mezi skupinami. Výsledky: Mezi skupinami nebyl signifikantní rozdíl z hlediska věku, gravidity, parity a indexu tělesné hmotnosti (p = 0,533; 0,188; 0,085; 0,915). Průměrný gestační věk, průměrná porodní hmotnost, 1. a 5. min Apgar skóre a průměrné hodnoty pH pupečníku byly nižší ve skupině PE ve srovnání s kontrolní skupinou (p = 0,0001 pro všechny). Procento přijetí na NICU bylo vyšší ve skupině PE (p = 0,0001). Skóre HALP u skupiny PE bylo významně nižší než u kontrolní skupiny (2,2 vs. 3,2; p = 0,0001). Poměry kyseliny močové a sUA/sCr byly významně vyšší ve skupině PE ve srovnání s kontrolní skupinou (pro kyselinu močovou 6,2 ± 1,7 vs. 4,5 ± 1,2; p = 0,0001; pro sUA/sCr 12,0 ± 4,0 vs. 9,1 ± 3,0; p = 0,0001). V diagnostice PE měla sérová kyselina močová senzitivitu 82,7 % při hodnotách 4,7 a vyšších; 58% senzitivitu při hodnotách poměru sUA/sCr 10,9 a vyšších a 3,7% senzitivitu při hodnotách HALP skóre 6,6 a vyšších (p = 0,0001; 0,001; 0,001; v tomto pořadí). Závěr: V naší studii jsme zjistili, že skóre HALP u PE bylo významně nižší než u zdravých kontrol a hodnota kyseliny močové a poměry sUA/sCr byly významně vyšší. Diagnostická hodnota sérové hodnoty kyseliny močové a poté poměr sUA/sCr byly vyšší u PE. Zjistili jsme však, že skóre HALP bylo pro diagnózu PE nedostatečné.
Objective: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of the HALP score, serum uric acid value, and uric acid-creatinine ratio, which are inflammatory markers, in the diagnosis of preeclampsia (PE). Materials and methods: One hundred sixty-six pregnant women who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study. They were divided into two groups: 81 pregnant women diagnosed with PE (PE group) and 85 pregnant women with healthy pregnancies (control group). Demographic and obstetric stories of the groups; weeks of pregnancy at diagnosis; hematological and biochemical parameters; hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte, and platelet (HALP) score and serum uric acid-creatinine ratio (sUA/sCr); and the results of the newborns were recorded and compared between groups. Results: There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of age, gravidity, parity, and body mass index (P values = 0.533, 0.188, 0.085, 0.915, resp.). Mean gestational age, mean birth weight, 1st and 5th minute Apgar scores, and mean umbilical cord pH values were lower in the PE group compared to the control group (P values = 0.0001 for all). Percentage of NICU admissions was higher in the PE group (P = 0.0001). HALP score of the PE group was significantly lower than the control group (2.2 vs. 3.2; P = 0.0001). Uric acid and sUA/sCr ratios were significantly higher in the PE group compared to the control group (for uric acid, 6.2 ± 1.7 vs. 4.5 ± 1.2; P = 0.0001; for sUA/sCr, 12.0 ± 4.0 vs. 9.9 ± 3.1; P = 0.0001). In diagnosing PE, serum uric acid had a sensitivity of 82.7% at values of 4.7 and above, 58% sensitivity at values of sUA/sCr ratio of 10.9 and above, and 3.7% sensitivity at HALP score values of 6.6 and above (P values = 0.0001, 0.001, 0.001, resp.). Conclusion: In our study, we found that the HALP score in PE was significantly lower than in healthy controls, and the uric acid value and sUA/sCr ratios were significantly higher. Diagnostic value of the serum uric acid value and then the sUA/sCr ratio were higher in PE. However, we found that the HALP score was insufficient for diagnosing PE.
- Klíčová slova
- skóre HALP,
- MeSH
- biologické markery * krev MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kreatinin krev MeSH
- kyselina močová krev MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- preeklampsie * krev MeSH
- ROC křivka MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- klinická studie MeSH
A multi-residue UHPLC-MS/MS analytical method, previously developed for monitoring 52 pharmaceuticals in drinking water, was used to analyse these pharmaceuticals in wastewater originating from healthcare facilities in the Czech Republic. Furthermore, the methodology was expanded to include the evaluation of the effectiveness of drug removal in Czech wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Of the 18 wastewater samples analysed by the validated UHPLC-MS/MS, each sample contained at least one quantifiable analyte. This study reveals the prevalence of several different drugs; mean concentrations of 702 μg L-1 of iomeprol, 48.8 μg L-1 of iopromide, 29.9 μg L-1 of gabapentin, 42.0 μg L-1 of caffeine and 82.5 μg L-1 of paracetamol were present. An analysis of 20 samples from ten WWTPs revealed different removal efficiencies for different analytes. Paracetamol was present in the inflow samples of all ten WWTPs and its removal efficiency was 100%. Analytes such as caffeine, ketoprofen, naproxen or atenolol showed high removal efficiencies exceeding 80%. On the other hand, pharmaceuticals like furosemide, metoprolol, iomeprol, zolpidem and tramadol showed lower removal efficiencies. Four pharmaceuticals exhibited higher concentrations in WWTP effluents than in the influents, resulting in negative removal efficiencies: warfarin at -9.5%, indomethacin at -53%, trimethoprim at -54% and metronidazole at -110%. These comprehensive findings contribute valuable insights to the pharmaceutical landscape of wastewater from healthcare facilities and the varied removal efficiencies of Czech WWTPs, which together with the already published literature, gives a more complete picture of the burden on the aquatic environment.
BACKGROUND: Caffeine (CAF) ingestion improves performance in a broad range of exercise tasks. Nevertheless, the CAF-induced, dose-dependent effect on discipline-specific performance and cognitive functions in CrossFit/High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) has not been sufficiently investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of acute supplementation of three different doses of CAF and placebo (PLA) on specific performance, reaction time (RTime), postural stability (PStab), heart rate (HR) and perceived exertion (RPE). METHODS: In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design, acute pre-exercise supplementation with CAF (3, 6, or 9 mg/kg body mass (BM)) and PLA in 26 moderately trained CrossFit practitioners was examined. The study protocol involved five separate testing sessions using the Fight Gone Bad test (FGB) as the exercise performance evaluation and biochemical analyses, HR and RPE monitoring, as well as the assessment of RTime and PStab, with regard to CYP1A2 (rs762551) and ADORA2A (rs5751876) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). RESULTS: Supplementation of 6 mgCAF/kgBM induced clinically noticeable improvements in FGBTotal results, RTime and pre-exercise motor time. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences between any CAF doses and PLA in FGBTotal, HRmax, HRmean, RPE, pre/post-exercise RTime, PStab variables or pyruvate concentrations. Lactate concentration was higher (p < 0.05) before and after exercise in all CAF doses than in PLA. There was no effect of CYP1A2 or ADORA2A SNPs on performance. CONCLUSIONS: The dose-dependent effect of CAF supplementation appears to be limited to statistically nonsignificant but clinically considered changes on specific performance, RTime, PStab, RPE or HR. However, regarding practical CAF-induced performance implications in CrossFit/HIFT, 6 mgCAF/kgBM may be supposed as the most rational supplementation strategy.
- MeSH
- cytochrom P-450 CYP1A2 MeSH
- dvojitá slepá metoda MeSH
- klinické křížové studie MeSH
- kofein * farmakologie MeSH
- kyselina mléčná MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- polyestery MeSH
- potravní doplňky MeSH
- reakční čas MeSH
- sportovní výkon * fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
Genetic variations in urate transporters play a significant role in determining human urate levels and have been implicated in developing hyperuricemia or gout. Polymorphism in the key urate transporters, such as ABCG2, URAT1, or GLUT9 was well-documented in the literature. Therefore in this study, our objective was to determine the frequency and effect of rare nonsynonymous allelic variants of SLC22A11, SLC22A13, and SLC17A1 on urate transport. In a cohort of 150 Czech patients with primary hyperuricemia and gout, we examined all coding regions and exon-intron boundaries of SLC22A11, SLC22A13, and SLC17A1 using PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing. For comparison, we used a control group consisting of 115 normouricemic subjects. To examine the effects of the rare allelic nonsynonymous variants on the expression, intracellular processing, and urate transporter protein function, we performed a functional characterization using the HEK293A cell line, immunoblotting, fluorescent microscopy, and site directed mutagenesis for preparing variants in vitro. Variants p.V202M (rs201209258), p.R343L (rs75933978), and p.P519L (rs144573306) were identified in the SLC22A11 gene (OAT4 transporter); variants p.R16H (rs72542450), and p.R102H (rs113229654) in the SLC22A13 gene (OAT10 transporter); and the p.W75C variant in the SLC17A1 gene (NPT1 transporter). All variants minimally affected protein levels and cytoplasmic/plasma membrane localization. The functional in vitro assay revealed that contrary to the native proteins, variants p.P519L in OAT4 (p ≤ 0.05), p.R16H in OAT10 (p ≤ 0.05), and p.W75C in the NPT1 transporter (p ≤ 0.01) significantly limited urate transport activity. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of (1) the risk of urate transporter-related hyperuricemia/gout and (2) uric acid handling in the kidneys.
- MeSH
- dna (nemoc) * genetika MeSH
- hyperurikemie * genetika MeSH
- kotransportní proteiny pro sodík a fosfát - typ I * genetika MeSH
- kyselina močová metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- přenašeče organických aniontů nezávislé na sodíku * genetika MeSH
- přenašeče organických aniontů * genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
