Accurate estimations of leaf area index (LAI), defined as half of the total leaf surface area per unit of horizontal ground surface area, are crucial for describing the vegetation structure in the fields of ecology, forestry, and agriculture. Therefore, procedures of three commercially used methods (litter traps, needle technique, and a plant canopy analyzer) for performing LAI estimation were presented step-by-step. Specific methodological approaches were compared, and their current advantages, controversies, challenges, and future perspectives were discussed in this protocol. Litter traps are usually deemed as the reference level. Both the needle technique and the plant canopy analyzer (e.g., LAI-2000) frequently underestimate LAI values in comparison with the reference. The needle technique is easy to use in deciduous stands where the litter completely decomposes each year (e.g., oak and beech stands). However, calibration based on litter traps or direct destructive methods is necessary. The plant canopy analyzer is a commonly used device for performing LAI estimation in ecology, forestry, and agriculture, but is subject to potential error due to foliage clumping and the contribution of woody elements in the field of view (FOV) of the sensor. Eliminating these potential error sources was discussed. The plant canopy analyzer is a very suitable device for performing LAI estimations at the high spatial level, observing a seasonal LAI dynamic, and for long-term monitoring of LAI.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Pyroloids, forest sub-shrubs of the Ericaceae family, are an important model for their mixotrophic nutrition, which mixes carbon from photosynthesis and from their mycorrhizal fungi. They have medical uses but are difficult to cultivate ex situ; in particular, their dust seeds contain undifferentiated, few-celled embryos, whose germination is normally fully supported by fungal partners. Their germination and early ontogenesis thus remain elusive. METHODS: An optimized in vitro cultivation system of five representatives from the subfamily Pyroloideae was developed to study the strength of seed dormancy and the effect of different media and conditions (including light, gibberellins and soluble saccharides) on germination. The obtained plants were analysed for morphological, anatomical and histochemical development. KEY RESULTS: Thanks to this novel cultivation method, which breaks dormancy and achieved up to 100 % germination, leafy shoots were obtained in vitro for representatives of all pyroloid genera (Moneses, Orthilia, Pyrola and Chimaphila). In all cases, the first post-germination stage is an undifferentiated structure, from which a root meristem later emerges, well before formation of an adventive shoot. CONCLUSIONS: This cultivation method can be used for further research or for ex situ conservation of pyroloid species. After strong seed dormancy is broken, the tiny globular embryo of pyroloids germinates into an intermediary zone, which is functionally convergent with the protocorm of other plants with dust seeds such as orchids. Like the orchid protocorm, this intermediary zone produces a single meristem: however, unlike orchids, which produce a shoot meristem, pyroloids first generate a root meristem.
The endogenous auxin and cytokinin contents of in vitro regenerated Tulbaghia simmleri maintained on applied plant growth regulators in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium were investigated using UHPLC-MS analysis. The highest number of shoots (27.6 per leaf) were produced in MS medium supplemented with 2.5 μM thidiazuron. A higher number of these shoots were rooted with 10 μM 6-(2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzylamino) purine (PI-55, cytokinin antagonist). Production of somatic embryos (SEs: 16.4-4.6, globular to cotyledonary stages) improved significantly with liquid MS medium containing 2.5 μM picloram, 2.5 μM phloroglucinol (PG) and 1.5 μM gibberellic acid or 1.5 μM PI-55 and 1.0 μM trans-zeatin. SEs (torpedo and cotyledonary stages) germinated (100%) in plant growth regulator free MS medium. The plantlets were acclimatized and all survived in the greenhouse. Higher levels of endogenous auxin, 2-oxindole-3-acetic acid (oxIAA, 371.52 pmol/g DW) and indole-3-acetylaspartate (IAAsp, 141.56 pmol/g DW) were detected in shoots from PG treatments. The roots of garden-grown mother plants possessed the highest level of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA, 630.54 pmol/g DW) and oxIAA (515.26 pmol/g DW). Cytokinins [CKs: trans-zeatin-O-glucoside (tZOG), cis-zeatin (cZ) and N6-isopentenyladenosine-5'-monophosphate (iPRMP)] levels were relatively high in shoots and roots of plantlets in vitro. However, PI-55 treatments influenced the development of plantlets promoting a higher biosynthesis level of iPRMP (418.06 pmol/g DW in root) and cZRMP (904.61 pmol/g DW in roots and 1427.83 pmol/g DW in shoots). The presented protocols offer organogenesis and somatic organogenesis systems for rapid plant regeneration of T. simmleri. In addition, the importance of exogenous and endogenous hormonal effects on in vitro plant growth and development as well as endogenous hormone metabolism signalling and transport related to the physiological processes of CK metabolism and transport are illustrated for in vitro development of T. simmleri.
- MeSH
- botanika metody MeSH
- chromozom Y * genetika MeSH
- DNA virů krev MeSH
- DNA * analýza krev MeSH
- kosti a kostní tkáň MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mitochondriální DNA analýza dějiny genetika MeSH
- nekrotická degradace DNA MeSH
- odběr biologického vzorku metody MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce využití MeSH
- posmrtné změny MeSH
- rodokmen MeSH
- segmentové duplikace MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA využití MeSH
- soudní genetika * dějiny metody zákonodárství a právo MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
Vyd. 1. 191 s. : barev. il. ; 20 cm
Krémová polévka z hřibů, ryzcový salát, plněné žampiony, řízky z bedly či houbový dort - to je pozvání na pravou hostinu! Nejdříve však musíme vědět, jak jedlé houby bezpečně poznat. Určování: Přesný popis 100 nejvýznamnějších jedlých hub a jejich více či méně nebezpečných dvojníků. Jednotlivé charakteristiky doplňuje 231 názorných barevných fotografií zhotovených Fridhelmem Volkem speciálně pro tuto publikaci. Recepty: Lahodné předpisy na přípravu 75 houbových delikates vám zcela jistě přijdou vhod. Obohatíte svůj jídelníček novými nápady na polévky, saláty, omáčky, předkrmy i hlavní chody. Nechybí rady jak správně houby konzervovat, sušit nebo zmrazovat. Tipy pro houbaře: Z pokladnice dlouholetých zkušeností nabízí autorská dvojice praktické informace o správném zacházení s houbami, jejich sběru, čištění i zpracování.
- MeSH
- botanika metody MeSH
- houby klasifikace MeSH
- vaření MeSH
- Publikační typ
- atlasy MeSH
- kuchařské knihy MeSH
- Konspekt
- Botanika
- NLK Obory
- botanika
- zájmy a záliby
The correctness of the genealogical approach to the estimation of genetic diversity has been substantiated. The approach implies a comparison of the estimates of similarity based on genetic markers and coefficients of parentage. A method of the application of the genealogical approach to the formation of the core collection has been developed. The adequacy of the core set has been estimated using Shannon's diversity index adapted for genetic profiles and the correlation between the distributions of ancestors' contributions. A core collection has been formed. This collection contains 25% of the accessions of the original winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) collection from the Czech Genebank and represents 70-76% of the intracluster diversity. A decrease in intercluster diversity has not been found in the core collection.
- MeSH
- botanika metody MeSH
- genealogie a heraldika * MeSH
- genetická variace MeSH
- pšenice * genetika MeSH
- shluková analýza MeSH
- Publikační typ
- anglický abstrakt MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
