The present study has undertaken the isolation of marine yeasts from mangrove sediment samples and their ability to produce alkaline protease enzymes. A total of 14 yeast isolates were recovered on yeast-malt agar (YMA) and yeast extract peptone dextrose (YEPD) agar medium. After screening for proteolytic activity on skim milk agar, marine yeast isolate, AKB-1 exhibited a hydrolysis zone of 18 mm. Optimal conditions for the enzyme production from yeast isolate AKB-1 were at 30 °C, pH 8, fructose as carbon source, potassium nitrate as nitrogen source, and 25% saline concentration. Under the optimal conditions, the protease enzyme activity of the isolate AKB-1 was observed to be 978 IU/mL. The structural and functional analysis was carried out through FTIR and HPLC analysis for the extracted protease enzyme. Furthermore, the enzyme produced was partially purified by solvent extraction using ethyl acetate and ammonium sulfate precipitation (3.4-fold) followed by dialysis (56.8-fold). The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was observed to be around 60 kDa using SDS-PAGE. The extracted protein showed good antibacterial activity against six different clinical bacterial pathogens and the highest against Bacillus cereus (16 ± 0.5 mm). The extracted protease enzyme was revealed to remove blood stains from cloth within 20 min of application similar to the commercial detergent. The marine yeast isolate was further identified as Candida orthopsilosis AKB-1 (Accession number KY348766) through 18S rRNA sequencing, and a phylogenetic tree was generated.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   metabolismus   chemie   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Bacillus cereus účinky léků   MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny * chemie   farmakologie   metabolismus   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Candida * enzymologie   izolace a purifikace   genetika   klasifikace   MeSH
• endopeptidasy * chemie   metabolismus   izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• geologické sedimenty mikrobiologie   MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• kultivační média chemie   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• molekulová hmotnost MeSH
• stabilita enzymů MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Candida species are the predominant cause of fungal infections in patients treated in hospital, contributing substantially to morbidity and mortality. Candidaemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis primarily affect patients who are immunocompromised or critically ill. In contrast, mucocutaneous forms of candidiasis, such as oral thrush and vulvovaginal candidiasis, can occur in otherwise healthy individuals. Although mucocutaneous candidiasis is generally not life-threatening, it can cause considerable discomfort, recurrent infections, and complications, particularly in patients with underlying conditions such as diabetes or in those taking immunosuppressive therapies. The rise of difficult-to-treat Candida infections is driven by new host factors and antifungal resistance. Pathogens, such as Candida auris (Candidozyma auris) and fluconazole-resistant Candida parapsilosis, pose serious global health risks. Recent taxonomic revisions have reclassified several Candida spp, potentially causing confusion in clinical practice. Current management guidelines are limited in scope, with poor coverage of emerging pathogens and new treatment options. In this Review, we provide updated recommendations for managing Candida infections, with detailed evidence summaries available in the appendix.

• MeSH
• antifungální látky * terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Candida klasifikace   účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• celosvětové zdraví MeSH
• fungální léková rezistence MeSH
• kandidóza * diagnóza   farmakoterapie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Despite antifungal advancements, candidaemia still has a high mortality rate of up to 40%. The ECMM Candida III study in Europe investigated the changing epidemiology and outcomes of candidaemia for better understanding and management of these infections. METHODS: In this observational cohort study, participating hospitals enrolled the first ten consecutive adults with blood culture-proven candidemia. Collected data included patient demographics, risk factors, hospital stay duration (follow-up of 90 days), diagnostic procedures, causative Candida spp., management details, and outcome. Controls were included in a 1:1 fashion from the same hospitals. The matching process ensured similarity in age (10-year range), primary underlying disease, hospitalization in intensive care versus non-ICU ward, and major surgery within 2 weeks before candidemia between cases and controls. Overall and attributable mortality were described, and a survival probability for cases and controls was performed. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-one pairs consisting of patients with candidemia and matched controls from 28 institutions were included. In those with candidemia, overall mortality was 40.4%. Attributable mortality was 18.1% overall but differed between causative Candida species (7.7% for Candida albicans, 23.7% for Candida glabrata/Nakaseomyces glabratus, 7.7% for Candida parapsilosis and 63.6% for Candida tropicalis). Regarding risk factors, the presence of a central venous catheter, total parenteral nutrition and acute or chronic renal disease were significantly more common in cases versus controls. Duration of hospitalization, and especially that of ICU stay, was significantly longer in candidemia cases (20 (IQR 10-33) vs 15 days (IQR 7-28); p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Although overall and attributable mortality in this subgroup analysis of matched case/control pairs remains high, the attributable mortality appears to have decreased in comparison to historical cohorts. This decrease may be driven by improved prognosis of Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis candidemia; whereas candidemia due to other Candida spp. exhibits a much higher attributable mortality.

• MeSH
• antifungální látky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Candida * izolace a purifikace   klasifikace   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kandidemie * mortalita   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

The present study examines the trend in distribution of Candida species and their antifungal resistance patterns in hospitals across Haryana, a North Indian state with poorly addressed epidemiology of fungal infections. In our collection of 228 Candida isolates, Candida albicans dominated in both high vaginal swab (HVS) and urine samples while Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis were the second-highest non-albicans Candida species (NAC), respectively. Of note, in blood samples, C. tropicalis and C. albicans were present in equal numbers. All 228 isolates were subjected to antifungal susceptibility tests, whereby 51% of C. albicans recovered from HVS samples displayed fluconazole resistance. To understand its mechanistic basis, expression profiling of efflux pump genes CDR1, CDR2, MDR1 and azole drug target, ERG11 was performed in 20 randomly selected resistant isolates, wherein many isolates elicited higher expression. Further, ERG11 gene sequencing suggested that most of the isolates harbored mutations, which are not reported with azole resistance. However, one isolate, RPCA9 (MIC 64 μg/mL) harbored triple mutation (Y132C, F145L, A114V), wherein Y132 and F145 sites were previously implicated in azole resistance. Interestingly, one isolate, (RPCA61) having MIC > 128 μg/mL harbored a novel mutation, G129R. Of note, HVS isolates RPCA 21, RPCA 22, and RPCA 44 (MICs 64 to > 128 μg/mL) did not show any change in alteration in ERG11 or overexpression of efflux pump genes. Together, this study presents a first report of Candida infections in selected hospitals of Haryana State.

• MeSH
• antifungální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• azoly farmakologie   MeSH
• Candida albicans účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Candida klasifikace   účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• fungální léková rezistence genetika   MeSH
• fungální proteiny genetika   MeSH
• geny MDR genetika   MeSH
• kandidóza epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• nemocnice MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u hub MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• systém (enzymů) cytochromů P-450 genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Indie MeSH

Candida krusei is a pathogenic yeast species that is phylogenetically outside both of the well-studied yeast groups, whole genome duplication and CUG. Like all other yeast species, it needs to accumulate high amounts of potassium cations, which are needed for proliferation and many other cell functions. A search in the sequenced genomes of nine C. krusei strains revealed the existence of two highly conserved genes encoding putative potassium uptake systems. Both of them belong to the TRK family, whose members have been found in all the sequenced genomes of species from the Saccharomycetales subclade. Analysis and comparison of the two C. krusei Trk sequences revealed all the typical features of yeast Trk proteins but also an unusual extension of the CkTrk2 hydrophilic N-terminus. The expression of both putative CkTRK genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae lacking its own potassium importers showed that only CkTrk1 is able to complement the absence of S. cerevisiae's own transporters and provide cells with a sufficient amount of potassium. Interestingly, a portion of the CkTrk1 molecules were localized to the vacuolar membrane. The presence of CkTrk2 had no evident phenotype, due to the fact that this protein was not correctly targeted to the S. cerevisiae plasma membrane. Thus, CkTrk2 is the first studied yeast Trk protein to date that was not properly recognized and targeted to the plasma membrane upon heterologous expression in S. cerevisiae.

• MeSH
• Candida klasifikace   genetika   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• draslík metabolismus   MeSH
• fungální proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• genom fungální genetika   MeSH
• iontový transport MeSH
• proteiny přenášející kationty genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• rekombinantní proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae klasifikace   genetika   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• Saccharomycetales klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• testy genetické komplementace MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Molecular techniques in fungal detection and identification represent an efficient complementary diagnostic tool which is increasingly used to overcome limitations of routinely used culture techniques. The aim of this study was to characterize Candida sp. representation in samples from urine, urinary catheter, and ureteral stent biofilm using ITS2 ribosomal DNA (rDNA) amplification followed by fluorescent capillary electrophoresis (f-ITS2-PCR-CE) and to compare the results with those obtained by culture. A total of 419 samples were analyzed, and 106 (25.2%) were found positive, out of which 17 (16%) were polyfungal. The positivity rate did not differ between samples from catheters and stents (23.6% versus 20.9%) or between catheter and stent corresponding urine samples (40.2% versus 30.2%). Ten different Candida species were detected, with Candida parapsilosis (31.4%), Candida albicans (26.5%), and Candida tropicalis (12.4%) predominating. f-ITS2-PCR-CE was evaluated as substantially less time-consuming and 8.3 times more sensitive than the routinely applied culture technique with 1 µl of urine/sonicated fluid inoculated, detecting 67 (19.9%) versus 8 (2.4%) positive samples out of 337 initially analyzed samples. The culture sensitivity considerably improved to 1.7 times lower than that of f-ITS2-PCR-CE after the inoculation volume was increased to 100 µl in the additional 82 samples. Moreover, the molecular technique, unlike routine cultivation, enabled precise pathogen composition determination in polymicrobial samples. In conclusion, the f-ITS2-PCR-CE method was shown to be a quick and efficient tool for culture-independent detection and identification of fungi in urinary tract-related samples, demonstrating a higher sensitivity than culture.

• MeSH
• biofilmy růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Candida albicans izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Candida parapsilosis izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Candida tropicalis izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Candida klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• diagnostické techniky molekulární přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• DNA fungální genetika   MeSH
• elektroforéza kapilární metody   MeSH
• fluorescence MeSH
• kandidóza mikrobiologie   moč   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• močové katétry mikrobiologie   MeSH
• počet mikrobiálních kolonií normy   MeSH
• ribozomální DNA genetika   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• senzitivita a specificita MeSH
• stenty mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Cíl práce: Kandidémie patří mezi poměrně časté infekční komplikace u kriticky nemocných pacientů. V posledním desetiletí se díky novým terapeutickým přístupům (zejména u některých skupin pacientů) mění spektrum kvasinek, které infekci způsobují. Předkládaná multicentrická studie si dala za úkol získat aktuální informace o epidemiologické situaci týkající se invazivních kandidóz (IC) v České republice. Materiál a metody: Do souboru byla zařazena data pacientů s kultivačně pozitivním nálezem kvasinky v krvi z 11 mikrobiologických pracovišť v České republice v rozmezí let 2012–2015. Byla hodnocena incidence, zastoupení jednotlivých kvasinkových druhů podle sledovaných let, podle věku a podle odborností. Dále byl posouzen vliv kolonizace a nakonec zda IC předcházela přítomnost toxigenního kmene Clostridium difficile ve stolici. U části izolovaných kmenů byly standardní metodikou stanoveny minimální inhibiční koncentrace (MIC) systémových antimykotik. Výsledky: V průběhu sledovaného období bylo v zúčastněných laboratořích zachyceno 921 kvasinkových kmenů od 886 pacientů. Celková incidence IC na 1 000 přijatých pacientů byla 0,40 (rozmezí 0,21–1,22 podle pracovišť). Takřka polovina izolátů spadala do druhu Candida albicans (49,7 %), následovaná Candida glabrata (15,3 %) a Candida parapsilosis (11,2 %). Na onkologických odděleních výrazně převažovaly non-albicans druhy (71,6 %), na rozdíl od chirurgických (40,4 %) nebo interních (52,0 %) oborů. Více než 70,0 % pacientů bylo v době pozitivní kultivace hospitalizováno na jednotkách intenzivní péče (JIP) a 65,0 % nemocných bylo kolonizováno stejným druhem kvasinky, který byl později nalezen v hemokultuře. Pouze u 5,1 % pacientů z celkového počtu byla potvrzena předchozí přítomnost toxigenního kmene C. difficile ve stolici. Celkem bylo otestováno 56 kmenů kvasinek (z 921) a byla zaznamenána zvýšená MIC u azolů pro C. glabrata. Závěr: Incidence kandidémií v České republice se ve sledovaném období výrazně neměnila a po C. albicans je druhou nejčastěji izolovanou kvasinkou v krvi C. glabrata.

Background: Candidemia is a severe and often life-threatening infection frequently occurring in critically ill patients. During the last decade, new therapeutic and prophylactic strategies influenced (at least in some patient subgroups) the epidemiological situation and the spectrum of causative Candida strains. The present multicentre study aimed to assess the current epidemiological situation of Candida strains causing invasive candidiasis (IC) in patients of tertiary care hospitals in the Czech Republic. Material and methods: Clinical and microbiological data on patients with bloodstream yeast isolates collected in 11 tertiary care hospitals in the Czech Republic between 2012 and 2015 were analysed. The incidence of cases and species distribution were assessed by study year, age, and specialty. Moreover, an association with the Candida colonization and presence of toxigenic strains of Clostridium difficile in stool prior to blood culture positivity was analysed. For some of the strains, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of systemic antifungals were determined using standard methods. Results: A total of 886 episodes of candidemia (921 yeast strains) were identified during the study period. The overall incidence per 1000 admissions was 0.40 (range 0.21–1.22 depending on the hospital). Almost half of the isolates belonged to the species Candida albicans (49.7 %), followed by Candida glabrata (15.3 %) and Candida parapsilosis (11.2 %). Non-albicans species of Candida significantly predominated in oncology wards (71.6 %) as compared to surgery (40.4 %) or internal medicine (52.0 %) departments. More than 70.0 % of patients stayed in intensive care units at the time of positive culture; in 65.0 % of patients, colonization with the same yeast species preceded blood culture positivity. In only 5.1 % of all patients, the previous presence of toxigenic strains of Clostridium difficile in stool was found. Fifty-six of the 921 yeast strains were tested for antifungal susceptibility, with an increase in MICs to azoles being observed for C. glabrata. Conclusion: The incidence of candidemia in the Czech Republic did not vary significantly between 2012 and 2015, and C. glabrata was the second most common yeast species after C. albicans isolated from blood.

• MeSH
• antifungální látky MeSH
• Candida klasifikace   patogenita   MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• infekce spojené se zdravotní péčí * MeSH
• kandidemie * diagnóza   epidemiologie   krev   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Candida bracarensis is an emerging cryptic species within the Candida glabrata clade. To date, little is known about its epidemiology, virulence, and antifungal susceptibility. This study documents the occurrence of C. bracarensis for the first time in Mexico and focuses on its in vitro production of hydrolytic enzymes, as well as antifungal susceptibility to echinocandins. This strain was isolated from a vaginal swab of a female with vulvovaginal candidosis; exhibited a very strong activity of aspartyl proteinase, phospholipase, and hemolysin; and was susceptible to caspofungin, anidulafungin, and micafungin (MIC = 0.031 μg/mL). Data obtained could contribute to the knowledge of the epidemiology and virulence attributes of this yeast as a fungal opportunistic human pathogen.

• MeSH
• antifungální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• Candida klasifikace   účinky léků   enzymologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• DNA fungální genetika   MeSH
• genom fungální MeSH
• hydrolasy metabolismus   MeSH
• kandidóza vulvovaginální mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA genetika   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mikrobiální viabilita účinky léků   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Mexiko MeSH

Hemolytic factor production by pathogenic Candida species is considered an important attribute in promoting survival within the mammal host through the ability to assimilate iron from the hemoglobin-heme group. Hemolytic capability has been evaluated for Candida species based on hemolysis zones on plate assay, analysis of hemolytic activity in liquid culture medium, and hemolysis from cell-free culture broth. The production of hemolytic factor is variable among Candida species, where C. parapsilosis is the less hemolytic species. In general, no intraspecies differences in beta-hemolytic activities are found among isolates belonging to C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis. The production of hemolytic factor by Candida species is affected by several factors such as glucose supplementation in the culture medium, blood source, presence of erythrocytes and hemoglobin, and presence of electrolytes. On the basis of existing achievements, more researches are still needed in order to extend our knowledge about the biochemical nature of hemolytic molecules produced by distinct Candida species, the mechanism of hemolysis, and the molecular basis of the hemolytic factor expression.

• MeSH
• Candida klasifikace   metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• faktory virulence biosyntéza   chemie   MeSH
• hemolýza * MeSH
• kandidemie mikrobiologie   patologie   MeSH
• kultivační média chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• membránové glykoproteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Candida dubliniensis was reported as a new species in 1995. This species is often misidentified as Candida albicans. The aims of this work were to determine the occurrence of C. dubliniensis in various clinical materials, to evaluate several ways to identify it and to examine the genetic variability of isolates. Among 7706 isolates originally identified as C. albicans, 237 were identified as C. dubliniensis (3.1%). Most of the C. dubliniensis isolates were obtained from the upper and lower respiratory tract (61.4 and 22.9%). Five phenotypic methods including latex agglutination were used (cultivation on CHROMagar Candida, on Staib agar, at 42 °C and in medium with 6.5% NaCl), but only cultivation on the medium with an increased concentration of NaCl and latex agglutination gave reliable results. Species-specific polymerase chain reaction was used as the confirmation method. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry provided less reliable results. In fact, 78.9% of C. dubliniensis isolates had scores above 1.7. However, the rest of them (21.1%) were also identified as C. dubliniensis even when the scores were lower than 1.7. Divergences among C. dubliniensis strains were evaluated by means of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Eighty-six selected C. dubliniensis isolates showed a 69.6% level of similarity. The results of this study expand the knowledge of the incidence, means of identification and genotypic divergence of C. dubliniensis isolates.

• MeSH
• Candida klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• chlorid sodný metabolismus   MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• kandidóza mikrobiologie   MeSH
• latex fixační testy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiologické techniky metody   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• pulzní gelová elektroforéza MeSH
• spektrometrie hmotnostní - ionizace laserem za účasti matrice MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH