Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma (HCCC) is a rare salivary gland carcinoma with a generally indolent behavior, characterized by recurrent chromosomal translocation involving EWSR1 (22q12.2) leading to two fusion genes EWSR1::ATF1 or EWSR1::CREM. We report one case of HCCC with a novel SMARCA2::CREM fusion, identified by targeted RNA next generation sequencing by LD-RT-PCR, which has until now never been described in salivary glands. The exon 4 of SMARCA2 is fused to exon 5 of CREM. This fusion has been described previously in only one tumor, a central nervous system tumor (intracranial mesenchymal tumor) but not in other FET::CREB fused tumors. This fusion was confirmed by CREM break-apart FISH and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The tumor cells showed retained expression of INI1, SMARCA2, and SMARCA4 by immunohistochemistry. We compare its clinical, histopathological, immunophenotypic, genetic features with those previously described in HCCC, FET::CREB fusion-positive. Our results added data suggesting that different histomolecular tumor subtypes seem to be included within the terminology "HCCC, FET::CREB fusion-positive," and that further series of cases are needed to better characterize them.

• MeSH
• DNA-helikasy genetika   MeSH
• exony MeSH
• fúzní onkogenní proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• jaderné proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• karcinom * genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• modulátor elementu responzivního pro cyklický AMP genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• nádory slinných žláz * genetika   patologie   MeSH
• protein EWS vázající RNA genetika   MeSH
• slinné žlázy metabolismus   MeSH
• transkripční faktory genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• translokace genetická MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH

Karcinóm z vysokých buniek s obrátenou polaritou (tall cell carcinoma with reversed polarity - TCCRP) je zriedkavý špeciálny typ epitelovej neoplazmy prsníka, ktorý sa prezentuje kolumnárnymi bunkami s opačnou jadrovou polaritou, solídnou a solídne papilárnou architektonikou a častými alteráciami génu IDH2. Autori prezentujú tri prípady TCCRP u žien vo veku 56, 66 a 67 rokov, s tumormi v maximálnych veľkostiach 29 mm, 10 mm a 8 mm. Nádory vykazovali histomorfologické charakteristiky TCCRP podporené imunohistochemickým profilom nádorových buniek, v ktorých bola dokázaná expresia CK7, CK5/6, GCDFP15, mammaglobínu, GATA3 a kalretinínu a negativita CK14, p63, TTF1, thyreoglobulínu a neuroendokrinných markerov. Dva nádory boli trojito negatívne a v jednom tumore bola zaznamenaná slabá fokálna expresia ER pri negativite PR a HER2. Vo všetkých troch nádoroch boli metódou masívneho paralelného sekvenovania (NGS analýza) dokázané patogénne somatické varianty v géne IDH2 v hotspot oblasti p.R172. Navyše, v dvoch nádoroch boli identifikované najčastejšie patogénne varianty p.E545A a p.H1047R v géne PIK3CA. TCCRP predstavuje vzácnu neoplazmu prsníka s nízkym stupňom malignity, ktorej incidencia bude pravdepodobne narastať vplyvom jasnejšie definovaných histomorfologických, imunohistochemických a molekulovo-genetických charakteristík, na základe ktorých bol tento typ nádoru uvedený aj do 5. edície WHO klasifikácie nádorov prsníka.

Tall cell carcinoma with reverse polarity (TCCRP) is a rare special type of breast epithelial neoplasm presented by columnar cells with opposite nuclear polarity, solid and solid-papillary architecture, and frequent IDH2 gene alterations. Hereby, the authors present three cases of TCCRP in women aged 56, 66 and 67 years with maximum tumour sizes of 29 mm, 10 mm and 8 mm. Tumours showed histomorphological characteristics of TCCRP supported by immunohistochemical profile of tumour cells, in which positive expression of CK7, CK5/6, GCDFP15, mammaglobin, GATA3 and calretinin and negativity of CK14, p63, TTF1, thyroglobulin and neuroendocrine markers were demonstrated. Two tumours were triple negative, and in one tumour, only weak focal ER expression was noted along with PR and HER2 negativity. Pathogenic somatic variants in mutational hotspot region p.R172 in IDH2 gene were detected using NGS technology in all three tumours. Moreover, in two of these tumours, the most common pathogenic variants p.E545A and p.H1047R of PIK3CA were identified. TCCRP represents a rare breast neoplasm of low malignant potential, the incidence of which will probably increase due to the more clearly defined histomorphological, immunohistochemical and molecular-genetic characteristics, which were all responsible for including this entity into the 5th edition of WHO classification breast tumours.

• Klíčová slova
• nádory prsu z vysokých buněk s obrácenou polaritou,
• MeSH
• imunohistochemie MeSH
• karcinom chirurgie   diagnostické zobrazování   genetika   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery MeSH
• nádory prsu * chirurgie   diagnostické zobrazování   genetika   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

We report 2 cases of high-grade sinonasal adenocarcinoma with a distinct morphological and immunohistochemical phenotype. Albeit histologically different from secretory carcinoma of the salivary glands, both tumors presented here share an ETV6::NTRK3 fusion. The highly cellular tumors were composed of solid and dense cribriform nests, often with comedo-like necroses in the center, and minor areas with papillary, microcystic, and trabecular formations without secretions, mostly located at the periphery of the lesion. The cells displayed high-grade features, with enlarged, crowded, and often vesicular nuclei with conspicuous nucleoli and brisk mitotic activity. The tumor cells were immunonegative for mammaglobin while showing immunopositivity for p40/p63, S100, SOX10, and GATA3, as well as for cytokeratins 7, 18, and 19. For the first time, we describe 2 cases of primary high-grade non-intestinal type adenocarcinomas of the nasal cavity, distinct from secretory carcinoma by morphology and immunoprofile, harboring the ETV6::NTRK3 fusion.

• MeSH
• adenokarcinom * genetika   patologie   MeSH
• fúzní onkogenní proteiny genetika   MeSH
• imunohistochemie MeSH
• karcinom * genetika   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery genetika   MeSH
• nádory slinných žláz * genetika   patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH

Genetic and epigenetic alterations of the telomere maintenance machinery like telomere length and telomerase reverse transcriptase (encoded by TERT gene) are reported in several human malignancies. However, there is limited knowledge on the status of the telomere machinery in periampullary carcinomas (PAC) which are rare and heterogeneous groups of cancers arising from different anatomic sites around the ampulla of Vater. In the current study, we investigated the relative telomere length (RTL) and the most frequent genetic and epigenetic alterations in the TERT promoter in PAC and compared it with tumor-adjacent nonpathological duodenum (NDu). We found shorter RTLs (1.27 vs 1.33, P = 0.01) and lower TERT protein expression (p = 0.04) in PAC tissues as compared to the NDu. Although we did not find any mutation at two reactivating hotspot mutation sites of the TERT promoter, we detected polymorphism in 45% (9/20) of the cases at rs2853669 (T > C). Also, we found a hypermethylated region in the TERT promoter of PACs consisting of four CpGs (cg10896616 with Δβ 7%; cg02545192 with Δβ 9%; cg03323598 with Δβ 19%; and cg07285213 with Δβ 15%). In conclusion, we identified shorter telomeres with DNA hypermethylation in the TERT promoter region and lower TERT protein expression in PAC tissues. These results could be used further to investigate molecular pathology and develop theranostics for PAC.

• MeSH
• homeostáza telomer genetika   MeSH
• karcinom * genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• promotorové oblasti (genetika) MeSH
• telomerasa * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• telomery genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• zkracování telomer MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Anální karcinom (AK) patří mezi malignity se stoupající incidencí, hlavně ve specifických populacích mužů, kteří mají sex s muži (MSM), a HIV pozitivních pacientů. V těchto skupinách je incidence až 131 případů na 100 000 obyvatel. Vzhledem k rostoucímu počtu HIV pozitivních pacientů nejen v České Republice, zejména u MSM, je včasná diagnostika prekanceróz základním předpokladem v boji s tímto onemocněním. AK je svou etiologií a biologickým chováním velmi podobný karcinomu děložního hrdla, proto i vyšetřovací a screeningové postupy jsou téměř identické. Základem je klinické vyšetření a cytologická analýza stěru sliznice. Anální cytologie nepatří mezi vysoce senzitivní ani specifická vyšetření. Naopak metylace DNA tumor-supresorových genů se takovou metodou být zdá, s již potvrzenou efektivitou ve screeningu karcinomu děložního hrdla. Tento výzkum by měl ověřit metylaci DNA jako novou diagnostickou a potencionální screeningovou metodu pro AK a porovnat její senzitivitu a specifitu s již zavedenými vyšetřovacími metodami u imunokompetentních i imunosuprimovaných pacientů.; Anal cancer is one of the malignancies with the rising incidence, especially at specific populations of men who have sex with men (MSM) and HIV positive patients. In these groups incidence reaches up 131 cases per 100 thousand inhabitants. Due to steeply increasing number of HIV positive patients in the Czech Republic (CR), whose vast majority belongs to MSM, early diagnosis of precancerous lesions is an essential prerequisite in the fight against this disease. Anal cancer is in its etiology and biological behavior very similar to cervical cancer, therefore the investigative and screening procedures are virtually identical. Currently used cytology in the anal area is not among the highly sensitive nor specific methods of investigation. DNA methylation appears to be a new method having already confirmed efficiency in screening of cervical cancer. This research should therefore validate DNA methylation as a potential new diagnostic and screening method for anal cancer and compare its sensitivity and specificity with established screening methods in immunocompetent and immunosuppress...

• MeSH
• HIV patogenita   MeSH
• karcinom diagnóza   etiologie   genetika   MeSH
• lidské papilomaviry patogenita   MeSH
• metylace DNA MeSH
• nádory anu diagnóza   etiologie   genetika   MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senzitivita a specificita MeSH
• sexuální a genderové menšiny MeSH
• tumor supresorové geny MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH

• Konspekt
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NLK Obory
• onkologie
• koloproktologie
• genetika, lékařská genetika
• NLK Publikační typ
• závěrečné zprávy o řešení grantu AZV MZ ČR

Salivary gland carcinomas represent a heterogeneous group of poorly characterized head and neck tumors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate ALK gene and protein aberrations in a large, well-characterized cohort of these tumors. A total of 182 salivary gland carcinomas were tested for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) positivity by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using the cut-off of 10% positive cells. ALK positive tumors were subjected to FISH analysis and followed by hybrid capture-based next generation sequencing (NGS). Of the 182 tumors, 8 were ALK positive by IHC. Further analysis using hybrid capture NGS analysis revealed a novel MYO18A (Exon1-40)-ALK (exon 20-29) gene fusion in one case of intraductal carcinoma. Additional genomic analyses resulted in the detection of inactivating mutations in BRAF and TP53, as well as amplifications of ERBB2 and ALK. ALK rearrangements are a rare entity in salivary gland carcinomas. We identified a potentially targetable novel ALK fusion in an intraductal carcinoma of minor salivary glands.

• MeSH
• amplifikace genu MeSH
• anaplastická lymfomová kináza genetika   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fúze genů MeSH
• hybridizace in situ fluorescenční MeSH
• imunohistochemie MeSH
• intraduktální neinfiltrující karcinom enzymologie   genetika   patologie   MeSH
• karcinom enzymologie   genetika   patologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery genetika   MeSH
• nádory slinných žláz enzymologie   genetika   patologie   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• vysoce účinné nukleotidové sekvenování MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

High-grade transformation (HGT) or dedifferentiation has been described in a variety of salivary gland carcinomas, including acinic cell carcinoma, secretory carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma, polymorphous adenocarcinoma, low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma. High-grade (HG) transformed tumors are composed of a conventional low-grade component characterized by specific microscopic and immunohistochemical features for the given entity, intermingled with or juxtaposed to areas of HG morphology. This is usually either poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, carcinoma not otherwise specified, or undifferentiated carcinoma, in which the original line of differentiation is lost. The HG component is composed of solid nests of anaplastic cells with large vesicular pleomorphic nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and abundant cytoplasm. Frequent mitoses and extensive necrosis may be present. The Ki-67 labeling index is consistently higher in the HG component. The molecular genetic mechanisms responsible for HGT of salivary gland carcinomas are largely unknown, though p53 inactivation and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 overexpression and/or gene amplification have been demonstrated in the HG component in a few examples, the frequency varies for each histologic type. Salivary gland carcinomas with HGT are more aggressive than conventional carcinomas, with a higher local recurrence rate and a poorer prognosis. They have a high propensity for cervical lymph node metastasis suggesting a need for a wider resection and neck dissection. HGT of salivary gland carcinoma can occur either at initial presentation or less commonly at the time of recurrence, sometimes following postoperative radiotherapy. The potential for HGT in almost any type of salivary gland carcinoma warrants a thorough sampling of all salivary gland malignancies to prevent oversight of a HG component.

• MeSH
• dediferenciace buněk fyziologie   MeSH
• karcinom genetika   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorová transformace buněk genetika   patologie   MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery genetika   MeSH
• nádory slinných žláz genetika   patologie   MeSH
• receptor erbB-2 genetika   MeSH
• slinné žlázy patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Cílem následujícího sdělení je podat přehled problematiky využití imunohistochemických metod u karcinomu endometria. Diskutováno je zejména využití imunohistochemie v diferenciální diagnostice základních histologických typů karcinomu endometria; rozlišení mezi primárním serózním karcinomem endometria a postižením při high grade serózním karcinomu jiného primárního zdroje; v diagnostice nediferencovaného / dediferencovaného karcinomu endometria a v diagnostice nádorů s neuroendokrinní diferenciací. Samostatně je zdůrazněna problematika hodnocení exprese p53 v kontextu diferenciální diagnostiky, ale i prognózy a predikce karcinomu endometria jako pomocného markeru při subtypizaci těchto nádorů.

The goal of this manuscript is to provide an overview of the significance of immunohistochemical methods in diagnosing endometrial carcinoma. The main points discussed include: the use of immunohistochemistry in the differential diagnosis of the main histological types of endometrial carcinoma, the difference between primary serous endometrial carcinoma and the involvement with high grade serous carcinoma of another primary source, the diagnosis of undifferentiated/dedifferentiated endometrial carcinoma, and diagnosing tumours with neuroendocrine differentiation. The role of p53 expression evaluation is also emphasized as a special area of interest, not only in the context of differential diagnosis, but also from the point of view of the prognosis and prediction of endometrial carcinoma as an ancillary marker for subtypization of these tumours.

• MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• endometroidní karcinom diagnóza   genetika   MeSH
• exprese genu MeSH
• imunohistochemie MeSH
• karcinom * diagnóza   genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorový supresorový protein p53 MeSH
• nádory endometria * diagnóza   genetika   klasifikace   MeSH
• staging nádorů MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

A European consensus conference on endometrial carcinoma was held in 2014 to produce multidisciplinary evidence-based guidelines on selected questions. Given the large body of literature on the management of endometrial carcinoma published since 2014, the European Society of Gynaecological Oncology (ESGO), the European SocieTy for Radiotherapy & Oncology (ESTRO) and the European Society of Pathology (ESP) jointly decided to update these evidence-based guidelines and to cover new topics in order to improve the quality of care for women with endometrial carcinoma across Europe and worldwide. ESGO/ESTRO/ESP nominated an international multidisciplinary development group consisting of practicing clinicians and researchers who have demonstrated leadership and expertise in the care and research of endometrial carcinoma (27 experts across Europe). To ensure that the guidelines are evidence-based, the literature published since 2014, identified from a systematic search was reviewed and critically appraised. In the absence of any clear scientific evidence, judgment was based on the professional experience and consensus of the development group. The guidelines are thus based on the best available evidence and expert agreement. Prior to publication, the guidelines were reviewed by 191 independent international practitioners in cancer care delivery and patient representatives. The guidelines comprehensively cover endometrial carcinoma staging, definition of prognostic risk groups integrating molecular markers, pre- and intra-operative work-up, fertility preservation, management for early, advanced, metastatic, and recurrent disease and palliative treatment. Principles of radiotherapy and pathological evaluation are also defined.

• MeSH
• biopsie normy   MeSH
• diagnostické techniky molekulární normy   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• karcinom genetika   patologie   terapie   MeSH
• lékařská onkologie normy   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• medicína založená na důkazech normy   MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery genetika   MeSH
• nádory endometria genetika   patologie   terapie   MeSH
• prediktivní hodnota testů MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• staging nádorů normy   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• konsensus - konference MeSH
• směrnice pro lékařskou praxi MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH

Like all developmental processes, odontogenesis is highly complex and dynamically regulated, with hundreds of genes co-expressed in reciprocal networks. Tooth agenesis (missing one or more/all teeth) is a common human craniofacial anomaly and may be caused by genetic variations and/or environmental factors. Variants in PAX9, MSX1, AXIN2, EDA, EDAR, and WNT10A genes are associated with tooth agenesis. Currently, variants in ATF1, DUSP10, CASC8, IRF6, KDF1, GREM2, LTBP3, and components and regulators of WNT signaling WNT10B, LRP6, DKK, and KREMEN1 are at the forefront of interest. Due to the interconnectedness of the signaling pathways of carcinogenesis and odontogenesis, tooth agenesis could be a suitable marker for early detection of cancer predisposition. Variants in genes associated with tooth agenesis could serve as prognostic or therapeutic targets in cancer. This review aims to summarize existing knowledge of development and clinical genetics of teeth. Concurrently, the review proposes possible approaches for future research in this area, with particular attention to roles in monitoring, early diagnosis and therapy of tumors associated with defective tooth development.

• MeSH
• anodoncie epidemiologie   genetika   MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru MeSH
• dědičné nádorové syndromy epidemiologie   genetika   MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
• genetické asociační studie MeSH
• karcinogeneze MeSH
• karcinom epidemiologie   genetika   MeSH
• kolorektální nádory epidemiologie   genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery MeSH
• nádory vaječníků epidemiologie   genetika   MeSH
• nádory žaludku epidemiologie   genetika   MeSH
• nádory epidemiologie   genetika   MeSH
• odontogeneze MeSH
• signální dráha Wnt genetika   MeSH
• signální transdukce genetika   MeSH
• transkripční faktor MSX1 genetika   MeSH
• transkripční faktor PAX9 genetika   MeSH
• změna barvy zubů MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH