OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the short term associations between nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality across multiple countries/regions worldwide, using a uniform analytical protocol. DESIGN: Two stage, time series approach, with overdispersed generalised linear models and multilevel meta-analysis. SETTING: 398 cities in 22 low to high income countries/regions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Daily deaths from total (62.8 million), cardiovascular (19.7 million), and respiratory (5.5 million) causes between 1973 and 2018. RESULTS: On average, a 10 μg/m3 increase in NO2 concentration on lag 1 day (previous day) was associated with 0.46% (95% confidence interval 0.36% to 0.57%), 0.37% (0.22% to 0.51%), and 0.47% (0.21% to 0.72%) increases in total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality, respectively. These associations remained robust after adjusting for co-pollutants (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm or ≤2.5 μm (PM10 and PM2.5, respectively), ozone, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide). The pooled concentration-response curves for all three causes were almost linear without discernible thresholds. The proportion of deaths attributable to NO2 concentration above the counterfactual zero level was 1.23% (95% confidence interval 0.96% to 1.51%) across the 398 cities. CONCLUSIONS: This multilocation study provides key evidence on the independent and linear associations between short term exposure to NO2 and increased risk of total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality, suggesting that health benefits would be achieved by tightening the guidelines and regulatory limits of NO2.
- MeSH
- celosvětové zdraví statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci chemicky indukované mortalita MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch toxicita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lineární modely MeSH
- nemoci dýchací soustavy chemicky indukované mortalita MeSH
- oxid dusičitý toxicita MeSH
- rozvojové země statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- velkoměsta MeSH
- vyspělé země statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí škodlivé účinky MeSH
- zdraví ve městech statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- znečištění ovzduší škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- velkoměsta MeSH
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: People with kidney failure typically receive KRT in the form of dialysis or transplantation. However, studies have suggested that not all patients with kidney failure are best suited for KRT. Additionally, KRT is costly and not always accessible in resource-restricted settings. Conservative kidney management is an alternate kidney failure therapy that focuses on symptom management, psychologic health, spiritual care, and family and social support. Despite the importance of conservative kidney management in kidney failure care, several barriers exist that affect its uptake and quality. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: The Global Kidney Health Atlas is an ongoing initiative of the International Society of Nephrology that aims to monitor and evaluate the status of global kidney care worldwide. This study reports on findings from the 2018 Global Kidney Health Atlas survey, specifically addressing the availability, accessibility, and quality of conservative kidney management. RESULTS: Respondents from 160 countries completed the survey, and 154 answered questions pertaining to conservative kidney management. Of these, 124 (81%) stated that conservative kidney management was available. Accessibility was low worldwide, particularly in low-income countries. Less than half of countries utilized multidisciplinary teams (46%); utilized shared decision making (32%); or provided psychologic, cultural, or spiritual support (36%). One-quarter provided relevant health care providers with training on conservative kidney management delivery. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, conservative kidney management is available in most countries; however, it is not optimally accessible or of the highest quality.
- MeSH
- chronické selhání ledvin terapie MeSH
- dostupnost zdravotnických služeb statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- internacionalita MeSH
- konzervativní terapie * normy MeSH
- kvalita zdravotní péče * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- náboženství MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- rozvojové země statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- sdílené rozhodování MeSH
- sociální opora MeSH
- týmová péče o pacienty statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- vyspělé země statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
OBJECTIVE: To determine the global capacity (availability, accessibility, quality, and affordability) to deliver kidney replacement therapy (dialysis and transplantation) and conservative kidney management. DESIGN: International cross sectional survey. SETTING: International Society of Nephrology (ISN) survey of 182 countries from July to September 2018. PARTICIPANTS: Key stakeholders identified by ISN's national and regional leaders. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Markers of national capacity to deliver core components of kidney replacement therapy and conservative kidney management. RESULTS: Responses were received from 160 (87.9%) of 182 countries, comprising 97.8% (7338.5 million of 7501.3 million) of the world's population. A wide variation was found in capacity and structures for kidney replacement therapy and conservative kidney management-namely, funding mechanisms, health workforce, service delivery, and available technologies. Information on the prevalence of treated end stage kidney disease was available in 91 (42%) of 218 countries worldwide. Estimates varied more than 800-fold from 4 to 3392 per million population. Rwanda was the only low income country to report data on the prevalence of treated disease; 5 (<10%) of 53 African countries reported these data. Of 159 countries, 102 (64%) provided public funding for kidney replacement therapy. Sixty eight (43%) of 159 countries charged no fees at the point of care delivery and 34 (21%) made some charge. Haemodialysis was reported as available in 156 (100%) of 156 countries, peritoneal dialysis in 119 (76%) of 156 countries, and kidney transplantation in 114 (74%) of 155 countries. Dialysis and kidney transplantation were available to more than 50% of patients in only 108 (70%) and 45 (29%) of 154 countries that offered these services, respectively. Conservative kidney management was available in 124 (81%) of 154 countries. Worldwide, the median number of nephrologists was 9.96 per million population, which varied with income level. CONCLUSIONS: These comprehensive data show the capacity of countries (including low income countries) to provide optimal care for patients with end stage kidney disease. They demonstrate substantial variability in the burden of such disease and capacity for kidney replacement therapy and conservative kidney management, which have implications for policy.
- MeSH
- celosvětové zdraví statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- chronické selhání ledvin terapie MeSH
- dostupnost zdravotnických služeb statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- náhrada funkce ledvin statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- nefrologie statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- rozvojové země statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND: Little information is available about the geo-economic variations in demographics, management, and outcomes of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We aimed to characterise the effect of these geo-economic variations in patients enrolled in the Large Observational Study to Understand the Global Impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Failure (LUNG SAFE). METHODS: LUNG SAFE was done during 4 consecutive weeks in winter, 2014, in a convenience sample of 459 intensive-care units in 50 countries across six continents. Inclusion criteria were admission to a participating intensive-care unit (including transfers) within the enrolment window and receipt of invasive or non-invasive ventilation. One of the trial's secondary aims was to characterise variations in the demographics, management, and outcome of patients with ARDS. We used the 2016 World Bank countries classification to define three major geo-economic groupings, namely European high-income countries (Europe-High), high-income countries in the rest of the world (rWORLD-High), and middle-income countries (Middle). We compared patient outcomes across these three groupings. LUNG SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02010073. FINDINGS: Of the 2813 patients enrolled in LUNG SAFE who fulfilled ARDS criteria on day 1 or 2, 1521 (54%) were recruited from Europe-High, 746 (27%) from rWORLD-High, and 546 (19%) from Middle countries. We noted significant geographical variations in demographics, risk factors for ARDS, and comorbid diseases. The proportion of patients with severe ARDS or with ratios of the partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) to the fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air (FiO2) less than 150 was significantly lower in rWORLD-High countries than in the two other regions. Use of prone positioning and neuromuscular blockade was significantly more common in Europe-High countries than in the other two regions. Adjusted duration of invasive mechanical ventilation and length of stay in the intensive-care unit were significantly shorter in patients in rWORLD-High countries than in Europe-High or Middle countries. High gross national income per person was associated with increased survival in ARDS; hospital survival was significantly lower in Middle countries than in Europe-High or rWORLD-High countries. INTERPRETATION: Important geo-economic differences exist in the severity, clinician recognition, and management of ARDS, and in patients' outcomes. Income per person and outcomes in ARDS are independently associated. FUNDING: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, University of Milan-Bicocca.
- MeSH
- hodnocení výsledků pacienta MeSH
- jednotky intenzivní péče statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- komorbidita MeSH
- lékařská geografie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- poskytování zdravotní péče statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- příjem statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- rozvojové země statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- syndrom dechové tísně ekonomika epidemiologie MeSH
- vyspělé země statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- pozorovací studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa epidemiologie MeSH
- MeSH
- hluchoslepota prevence a kontrola MeSH
- komplexní zdravotní péče metody organizace a řízení MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- poruchy zraku etiologie klasifikace prevence a kontrola MeSH
- rozvojové země statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- slepota * etiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- zrakově postižení statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
The purpose of this study is to explore the main correlates of male height in 105 countries in Europe & overseas, Asia, North Africa and Oceania. Actual data on male height are compared with the average consumption of 28 protein sources (FAOSTAT, 1993-2009) and seven socioeconomic indicators (according to the World Bank, the CIA World Factbook and the United Nations). This comparison identified three fundamental types of diets based on rice, wheat and milk, respectively. The consumption of rice dominates in tropical Asia, where it is accompanied by very low total protein and energy intake, and one of the shortest statures in the world (∼162-168cm). Wheat prevails in Muslim countries in North Africa and the Near East, which is where we also observe the highest plant protein consumption in the world and moderately tall statures that do not exceed 174cm. In taller nations, the intake of protein and energy no longer fundamentally rises, but the consumption of plant proteins markedly decreases at the expense of animal proteins, especially those from dairy. Their highest consumption rates can be found in Northern and Central Europe, with the global peak of male height in the Netherlands (184cm). In general, when only the complete data from 72 countries were considered, the consumption of protein from the five most correlated foods (r=0.85) and the human development index (r=0.84) are most strongly associated with tall statures. A notable finding is the low consumption of the most correlated proteins in Muslim oil superpowers and highly developed countries of East Asia, which could explain their lagging behind Europe in terms of physical stature.
- MeSH
- antropometrie MeSH
- celosvětové zdraví * MeSH
- dětská úmrtnost trendy MeSH
- dieta statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- dietní proteiny * MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- haplotypy MeSH
- hrubý domácí produkt statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- městské obyvatelstvo statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mléko MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- porodnost MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- pšenice MeSH
- rozvojové země statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- rýže (rod) MeSH
- socioekonomické faktory MeSH
- tělesná výška * MeSH
- výdaje na zdravotnictví statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- vyspělé země statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
INTRODUCTION: Inappropriate use of antibiotics has resulted in a dramatic increase of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. We examined knowledge, attitudes, and practices of antibiotic use in three Asian countries. METHODOLOGY: A nationwide cross-sectional study of teachers in large cities of Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Uzbekistan was conducted. A random sample of 1,200 teachers was selected in each country. Data were collected through a questionnaire-based survey and then analyzed using descriptive and multivariate statistical methods. RESULTS: The prevalence of non-prescription antibiotic use ranged from 48% in Saudi Arabia to 78% in Yemen and Uzbekistan. Pharmacies were the main source of non-prescribed antibiotics. The most common reasons for antibiotic use were cough (40%) and influenza (34%). Forty-nine percent of respondents discontinued antibiotics when they felt better. Although awareness of the dangers of antibiotic use correlated inversely with self-medication, understanding of the appropriate use of antibiotics was limited. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of antibiotic self-medication in the educated adult population in the studied countries was found to be alarmingly high. Effective strategies involving regulatory enforcement prohibiting sales of antibiotics without prescription should be implemented along with educational interventions for health professionals and the public.
- MeSH
- akademický sbor statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- antibakteriální látky terapeutické užití MeSH
- bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
- chřipka lidská farmakoterapie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kašel farmakoterapie MeSH
- léky bez předpisu terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- městské obyvatelstvo statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- rozvojové země statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- samoléčba * MeSH
- stupeň vzdělání MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- zdraví - znalosti, postoje, praxe * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Jemen MeSH
- Saudská Arábie MeSH
- Uzbekistán MeSH
In Czech Republic there is a long tradition of providing tertiary scholarships to students from developing countries. The government scholarship programme started in the 1950s already as a part of the Czechoslovak technical assistance to countries in the South. Even though the programme left tens of thousands of graduates all over the world, the recent programme evaluation has revealed that it is characterised by a relatively poor performance. This article brings forward the main outcomes of the programme evaluation, highlights the policy recommendations and summarises policy reflections that occurred following the evaluation. The programme evaluation was done under unfavourable circumstances and could be accordingly defined as 'shoestring evaluation'. The restrictions and their influence on evaluation outcomes are discussed in article, too.
- MeSH
- financování vládou ekonomika normy trendy MeSH
- hodnocení programu ekonomika statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mezinárodní vzdělávací výměna ekonomika trendy MeSH
- následné studie MeSH
- rozvojové země ekonomika statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- sociální opora MeSH
- stipendia ekonomika normy trendy MeSH
- studenti psychologie statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- HDP, střední délka života,
- MeSH
- analýza nákladů a výnosů metody statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- naděje dožití MeSH
- rozvojové země ekonomika statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Světová zdravotnická organizace ekonomika MeSH
- veřejné zdravotnictví ekonomika MeSH
- výdaje na zdravotnictví statistika a číselné údaje trendy MeSH
- vyspělé země ekonomika statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Podle údajů databáze Globocan 2008 je z téměř 482 000 nových nádorů jícnu ve světě 16,9 % případů ve vyspělých a 83,1 % v méně vyspělých zemích, 6,9 % v EU, 2,7 % ve východní Evropě; z 989 000 nových nádorů žaludku je 27,8 % ve vyspělých a 72,2 % v méně vyspělých zemích, 8,4 % v EU, 7,4 % ve východní Evropě; z 1 235 milionu nových nádorů kolorekta je 59 % ve vyspělých a 41 % v méně vyspělých zemích, 27 % v EU, 10,5 % ve východní Evropě. Aktuální přehled registru nádorů ČR za rok 2008 uvádí z celkem 59 052 novotvarů (bez nádorů kůže) u těchto tří diagnóz 10 439 nových případů, což je o 595 víc v porovnání s údaji databáze Globocan 2008. Nicméně i podle těchto dat dosáhli muži ČR nejvyšší hodnotou kumulativního rizika u nádorů kolorekta ve světě 3. místa a ženy 14. místa. Varující počty 4 771 milionu nových nádorů těchto tří diagnóz a 3 137 milionu úmrtí na ně ve světě očekávaných v roce 2030 s vyšším rizikem u populace v méně rozvinutých zemích vyžadují větší mezinárodní spolupráci a osobní odpovědnost za zlepšení způsobu života, aby se očekávané statistiky nenaplnily.
According database of Globocan 2008 of total 482 thousand worldwide new esophagel cancers are reported 16.9% cases in more developed and 83.1% in less developed regions, 6.9% in EU, 2.7% in the Eastern Europe; of total 989 thousand new stomach cancers are reported 27.8% in more developed and 72.2% in less developed regions, 8.4% in EU, 7.4% in the Eastern Europe; of total 1.235 milion new colorectal cancers are reported 59% cases in more developed and 41% in less developed regions, 27% in EU, 10.5% in the Eastern Europe. Of total 59,052 all neoplasms (without skin cancers) were reported 10,439 new cases of these three diagnoses in recent Czech Cancer Registry survey, higher by 595 cases than numbers based in Globocan 2008. However, according to these data the Czech males reached the 3rd order and females the 14th order by their cumulative risk of colorectal cancer in the world. The alarming worldwide numbers of new 4.771 milion of these three diagnoses and 3,137 thousands deaths from them, expected in 2030 with a higher risk in population of less developed regions require greater international cooperation and personal responsibility for improving the life-style, which would be failed the expected statistics.
- Klíčová slova
- očekávané počty ve vybraných oblastech světa, věkové zastoupení, nová onemocnění a zemřelí,
- MeSH
- databáze faktografické statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- epidemiologické studie MeSH
- Evropská unie MeSH
- hodnocení rizik statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- karcinom epidemiologie mortalita MeSH
- kolorektální nádory epidemiologie mortalita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- morbidita MeSH
- nádory jícnu epidemiologie mortalita MeSH
- nádory žaludku epidemiologie mortalita MeSH
- podpora zdraví trendy MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- rozvojové země statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- vyspělé země statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH