Neurozánět hraje důležitou roli v patogenezi epilepsie, a proto je nutné objasnit vliv klasických antiepileptik i adjuvantních látek (např. srdečního glykosidu digoxinu, který již dříve vykazoval jasný antikonvulzivní potenciál) na dráhu cyklooxygenázy a neuron-specifické enolázy v podmínkách chronické epileptogeneze. Cílem článku bylo objasnit vliv digoxinu, natrium-valproátu a celekoxibu samostatně, ale i kombinace digoxinu s natrium-valproátem na obsah cyklooxygenázy 1. a 2. typu, prostaglandinů E2, F2α, I2, tromboxanu B2, 8-isoprostanu a neuron-specifické enolázy v mozku myší na modelu pentylenetetrazolem podnícených záchvatů. Bylo zjištěno, že pouze kombinace natriumvalproátu s digoxinem poskytuje úplný ochranný účinek (absence záchvatů) a vykazuje nejzřetelnější vliv na markery neurozánětu a poškození neuronů ve srovnání s monoterapií každým z těchto léčiv a celekoxibem, který se ukázal jako neúčinné antikonvulzivum. Získané výsledky naznačují, že digoxin je slibným adjuvantním lékem ke klasickým antiepileptikům (především natrium-valproátu) v léčbě epilepsie.
Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of epilepsy, so it is necessary to clarify the influence of standard antiepileptic drugs as well as adjuvant agents (e.g., cardiac glycoside digoxin, which previously showed a clear anticonvulsant potential) on cyclooxygenase pathway and neuron-specific enolase under the conditions of chronic epileptogenesis. The aim of the article is to determine the effect of digoxin, sodium valproate, and celecoxib per se, as well as the combination of digoxin with sodium valproate on the content of cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 types, prostaglandins E2, F2α, I2, thromboxane B2, 8-isoprostane and neuron-specific enolase in the brain of mice in the pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling model. It was found that only the combination of sodium valproate with digoxin provides a complete protective effect (absence of seizures) and shows the clearest influence on neuroinflammation markers and neuronal damage than monotherapy with each of these drugs and celecoxib, which appeared to be an ineffective anticonvulsant. The obtained results indicate that digoxin is a promising adjuvant drug to classical antiepileptic drugs (mostly sodium valproate) in epilepsy treatment.c
- MeSH
- antikonvulziva * farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- celekoxib aplikace a dávkování farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- cyklooxygenasy účinky léků MeSH
- digoxin aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- epilepsie chemicky indukované farmakoterapie MeSH
- fosfopyruváthydratasa terapeutické užití MeSH
- kombinovaná farmakoterapie MeSH
- kyselina valproová aplikace a dávkování farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- modely u zvířat MeSH
- neurozánětlivé nemoci * patologie MeSH
- pentylentetrazol farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The auxiliary alpha2delta-1 subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels is up-regulated in dorsal root ganglion neurons following peripheral somatosensory nerve damage, in several animal models of neuropathic pain. The alpha2delta-1 protein has a mainly presynaptic localization, where it is associated with the calcium channels involved in neurotransmitter release. Relevant to the present study, alpha2delta-1 has been shown to be the therapeutic target of the gabapentinoid drugs in their alleviation of neuropathic pain. These drugs are also used in the treatment of certain epilepsies. In this study we therefore examined whether the level or distribution of alpha2delta-1 was altered in the hippocampus following experimental induction of epileptic seizures in rats, using both the kainic acid model of human temporal lobe epilepsy, in which status epilepticus is induced, and the tetanus toxin model in which status epilepticus is not involved. The main finding of this study is that we did not identify somatic overexpression of alpha2delta-1 in hippocampal neurons in either of the epilepsy models, unlike the upregulation of alpha2delta-1 that occurs following peripheral nerve damage to both somatosensory and motor neurons. However, we did observe local reorganization of alpha2delta-1 immunostaining in the hippocampus only in the kainic acid model, where it was associated with areas of neuronal cell loss, as indicated by absence of NeuN immunostaining, dendritic loss, as identified by areas where microtubule-associated protein-2 immunostaining was missing, and reactive gliosis, determined by regions of strong OX42 staining.
- MeSH
- antigeny CD11b metabolismus MeSH
- buněčná smrt MeSH
- epilepsie chemicky indukované komplikace patologie MeSH
- fosfopyruváthydratasa metabolismus MeSH
- glióza etiologie MeSH
- hipokampus * metabolismus MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- kyselina kainová toxicita MeSH
- ligace škodlivé účinky MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- neuralgie etiologie komplikace patologie MeSH
- neurotoxiny toxicita MeSH
- potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
- proteiny asociované s mikrotubuly metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese fyziologie účinky léků MeSH
- spinální ganglia * metabolismus MeSH
- tetanový toxin toxicita MeSH
- vápníkové kanály - typ L MeSH
- vápníkové kanály * metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- MeSH
- aminokyseliny * analýza chemie klasifikace MeSH
- centrální nervový systém * chemie patofyziologie MeSH
- epilepsie * chemicky indukované MeSH
- fenylalanin * aplikace a dávkování metabolismus MeSH
- fenylketonurie * chemicky indukované MeSH
- glycin * MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech * MeSH
- mozková kůra * MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
Spotřeba alkoholu v České republice je vysoká a představuje závažný medicínský problém. Je prokázána souvislost mezi užíváním alkoholu a výskytem epileptických záchvatů. Výskyt epileptických záchvatů je u alkoholiků 3 × vyšší než u zbytku populace. Riziko vzniku epileptických záchvatů u alkoholiků vzrůstá s dávkou užívaného alkoholu. Chronické užívání alkoholu vede k poruše regulace NMDA receptorů (zvýšená regulace) a GABA-A receptorů (snížená regulace). K poruše rovnováhy dojde při náhlém vysazení alkoholu se vznikem epileptických záchvatů známých pod pojmem “withdrawal seizures”. Alkoholová epilepsie je epileptický syndrom se třemi vývojovými stadii (Bartolomei, 2006). Pro první stadium jsou charakteristické záchvaty při náhlém vysazení alkoholu tzv. “withdraval seizures”, v druhém stadiu se vyskytují záchvaty nejenom při abstinenci, ale i mimo abstinenci. Ve třetím stadiu se vyskytují záchvaty, i když pacient plně a dlouhodobě abstinuje. V prvním stadiu není chronická léčba antiepileptiky indikována, ve stadiu druhém a třetím indikována je. Pacienti ve druhém a třetím stadiu onemocnění mají snížený záchvatový práh a jsou ohroženi vznikem opakovaných epileptických záchvatů. Chroničtí alkoholici mohou mít i jinou etiologii epilepsie, která s konzumací alkoholu nesouvisí (CMP, trauma, IGE). Tito nemocní jsou k chronické léčbě antiepileptiky indikováni. Chronický abúzus alkoholu snižuje sérovou hladinu některých antiepileptik (zejm. induktorů jaterních enzymů). U pacientů, kteří chronicky užívají alkohol a jsou léčeni antiepileptickou medikací, je třeba sledovat sérové hladiny u některých antiepileptik.
Alcohol consumption is very high in the Czech Republic and this gives rise to a considerable public health problem. The link between epilepsy and alcohol consumption is definite. Epileptic seizures are three times more frequent in abusers and increase with the amount per day of alcohol consumed. Both intoxication and withdrawal are recorded as the risk factors, but the withdrawal seizures attracts the most of attention. Long-term alcohol abuse impairs regulation of the NMDA and GABA-A receptors. The sudden deficit of alcohol results in alcohol withdrawal seizures. A manifestation of alcoholic epilepsy varies with respect to length of abuse. There are seizures related to withdrawal period at the first stage, seizures appearance in both withdrawal phase and consumption phase at the second stage and finally irreversible third stage of alcoholic epilepsy (Bartolomei, 2006). Epilepsy suffered by alcohol abusers can also have the same kinds of etiology as it has in general population (e.g.post-traumatic, post-stroke etc.) The chronic alcohol abuse influences also the metabolism of an AED that reduces level of the AED within the blood plasma. The repeatedly abstaining abusers (may be for the treatment of abuse) should be observed carefully. Recent studies conclude the antiepileptic treatment of alcohol abusers is necessary. However, the epilepsy and alcohol abuse treatment should be linked together.
- Klíčová slova
- alkoholová epilepsie,
- MeSH
- alkoholismus * komplikace metabolismus MeSH
- antikonvulziva krev metabolismus terapeutické užití MeSH
- epilepsie * farmakoterapie chemicky indukované komplikace MeSH
- ethanol metabolismus škodlivé účinky MeSH
- interakce mezi potravou a léky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pití alkoholu škodlivé účinky MeSH
- záchvaty při náhlém vysazení alkoholu farmakoterapie komplikace MeSH
- záchvaty farmakoterapie chemicky indukované komplikace MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Cortical epileptic foci elicited by local application of bicuculline methiodide represent a model of interictal epileptic activity with a transition into ictal phases. We studied a role of GABA-B receptors in this model using GABA-B receptor antagonist CGP35348 in adult rats with implanted cortical electrodes and cannula. CGP35348 (100 or 200 mg/kg i.p.) did not affect interictal discharges but it augmented ictal activity. Latency to the first ictal episode was decreased by the lower dose of CGP35348, duration of episodes was increased by the higher dose. GABA-B receptor antagonist did not influence purely cortical epileptic phenomenon but it is proconvulsant in ictal activity generated with participation of subcortical structures.
- MeSH
- antagonisté receptorů GABA-B toxicita MeSH
- bikukulin analogy a deriváty MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- elektroencefalografie MeSH
- epilepsie chemicky indukované metabolismus patofyziologie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- mozková kůra metabolismus patofyziologie účinky léků MeSH
- mozkové vlny účinky léků MeSH
- organofosforové sloučeniny toxicita MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- reakční čas účinky léků MeSH
- receptory GABA-B metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Aim of the study was to test the effect of nicotine (NIC) and kainic acid (KA) co-treatment in immature rats. Male Wistar albino rats (two different age groups) were chosen for the study. Experiments started on postnatal day (PD) 8 or 21 and animals were treated twice a day for three days with nicotine, fourth day KA was administered. Animals at PD12 (PD25 respectively) were examined electrophysiologically for cortical epileptic afterdischarges (ADs). First cortical ADs in PD12 animals were longer, when compared to PD25 rats (group treated with both substances). Nor NIC or KA treatment affected the length of discharges in PD12 rats. Older experimental group exhibited the shortening of the first ADs (group treated with NIC and KA, compared with groups exposed to single treatment). Few changes were found in KA treated group - 2(nd) and 4(th) ADs were shorter when compared with first ADs. These results demonstrate that NIC treatment played minor role in seizure susceptibility of PD12 rats, sensitivity to NIC differs during ontogenesis and subconvulsive dose of KA influenced the length of discharges only in PD25 animals.
- MeSH
- akční potenciály účinky léků MeSH
- epilepsie chemicky indukované patofyziologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- kyselina kainová * MeSH
- lékové interakce MeSH
- mozková kůra účinky léků patofyziologie MeSH
- nikotin aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- novorozená zvířata MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
Antagonists of group I of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) exhibit anticonvulsant as well as anxiolytic action in adult rodents. Therefore, we started to study these effects in developing rats. Motor seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) and cortical epileptic afterdischarges (CxADs) elicited by electrical stimulation were used in immature rats. High doses of antagonists were needed to demonstrate anticonvulsant effects. Antagonist of mGluR1 AIDA [(R,S)-1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid] suppressed the tonic phase of PTZ-induced generalized tonic-clonic seizures in 7-, 12-, and 18-day-old rats, but not in 25-day-old rats. No significant effect of AIDA against CxADs was found. Antagonists of mGluR5-MPEP [2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine] and MTEP [3-((2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)pyridine] exhibited the same effect against PTZ-induced seizures as AIDA. In addition, they exhibited an anticonvulsant action against CxADs in 12- and 18-day-old rats. No drug compromised motor performance. Anxiolytic action of all three antagonists was demonstrated in light/dark box or in elevated plus maze tests. Homing reaction was used as an age-appropriate test of learning. AIDA did not affect homing, whereas the highest dose of MPEP compromised this behavior in 12- and partially in 18-day-old rats. The three antagonists possess age-dependent anticonvulsant as well as anxiolytic action, with minimal negative side effects.
- MeSH
- antikonvulziva farmakologie MeSH
- anxiolytika farmakologie MeSH
- elektrická stimulace MeSH
- epilepsie chemicky indukované farmakoterapie MeSH
- indany farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- psychomotorický výkon účinky léků MeSH
- pyridiny farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- receptory metabotropního glutamátu antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- thiazoly farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- antikonvulziva aplikace a dávkování farmakologie MeSH
- epilepsie farmakoterapie chemicky indukované MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lékové interakce MeSH
- pentobarbital aplikace a dávkování farmakologie MeSH
- strychnin aplikace a dávkování farmakologie MeSH
- taurin aplikace a dávkování farmakologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
PURPOSE: Antagonists of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are known to exhibit anticonvulsant action without serious side effects. Recently we found anticonvulsant effects of specific antagonists of mGluR subtypes 1 and 5 (AIDA and MTEP) against pentetrazol-induced convulsions in developing rats. In order to determine if the effects of these two antagonists are not exclusively restricted to pentetrazol-induced seizures, we studied their action in a novel seizure model involving immature rats. METHODS: Epileptic afterdischarges were elicited by low-frequency stimulation of sensorimotor cortical region in 12-, 18-, and 25-day-old rats with implanted electrodes. Drugs were administered intraperitoneally after the first afterdischarge: AIDA in doses from 5 to 40 mg/kg; MTEP in doses from 2.5 to 40 mg/kg. The stimulation was then repeated five more times with the same current intensity. Electrocorticographic and motor phenomena were recorded and evaluated. RESULTS: AIDA did not significantly influence movements during stimulation, afterdischarges as well as clonic seizures accompanying afterdischarges. In contrast, MTEP was able to significantly shorten afterdischarges without changes in the two motor phenomena. The effect of MTEP was best expressed in 12-day-old rats; in 25-day-old rats the trials exhibited only a transient shortening of afterdischarges after high doses of MTEP. DISCUSSION: In contrast to similar action against pentetrazol-induced seizures, AIDA and MTEP substantially differ in their action on cortical epileptic afterdischarges. The anticonvulsant action of MTEP in the present model diminishes with age.
- MeSH
- antagonisté excitačních aminokyselin farmakologie MeSH
- antikonvulziva farmakologie MeSH
- elektroencefalografie statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- epilepsie chemicky indukované patofyziologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- konvulziva farmakologie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mozková kůra patofyziologie účinky léků MeSH
- novorozená zvířata MeSH
- pentylentetrazol farmakologie MeSH
- pohybová aktivita fyziologie účinky léků MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- pyridiny farmakologie MeSH
- receptory metabotropního glutamátu antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- receptory N-methyl-D-aspartátu MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
SUMMARY: Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) may represent a perspective target for anticonvulsant therapy but spectrum of their anticonvulsant effects is not sufficiently known. Our study was aimed at comparison of anticonvulsant actions of antagonists of mGluR1 and mGluR5 subtypes in immature rats. Seven-, 12-, 18- and 25-day-old animals were pretreated with mGluR1 antagonist AIDA (1-20mg/kg i.p.) or mGluR5 antagonist MTEP (5-40 mg/kg i.p.) 30 min before pentetrazol administration (100mg/kg s.c.). Two types of motor seizures were elicited: minimal, clonic seizures (mS) and generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS). mS could be induced only in 18- and 25-day-old rats, and their incidence was decreased to 0-50% by nearly all doses of either drug in 18- but not in 25-day-old rats. GTCS were observed in all age groups; higher doses of both antagonists specifically suppressed the tonic phase in 7-, 12- and 18-day-old rats. The highest efficacy was found in 12-day-old rats; seizure severity was significantly decreased even by the 10-mg/kg dose of MTEP and the 2-mg/kg dose of AIDA in this age group. In addition, MTEP tended to suppress also the clonic phase in 7-day-old rats. Time course of action studied in 12-day-old animals demonstrated much longer action of MTEP (more than 4h) than of AIDA (less than 1h). Administration of AIDA but not MTEP resulted in a paradoxical shortening of latencies of seizures even at time intervals when the incidence of the tonic phase of GTCS was decreased. Both mGluR antagonists exhibit specific anticonvulsant action in rat pups during the first 3 postnatal weeks.
- MeSH
- analýza rozptylu MeSH
- antikonvulziva farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- epilepsie chemicky indukované prevence a kontrola MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- kyseliny dikarboxylové farmakologie MeSH
- nemoci zvířat MeSH
- novorozená zvířata MeSH
- pentylentetrazol MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- pyridiny farmakologie MeSH
- reakční čas účinky léků MeSH
- receptory metabotropního glutamátu antagonisté a inhibitory metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- stárnutí MeSH
- stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
- thiazoly farmakologie MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH