• Klíčová slova
• extracelulární DNA,
• MeSH
• akutní poškození ledvin diagnóza   etiologie   MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• DNA krev   moč   MeSH
• extracelulární matrix fyziologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci ledvin * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Information about features in the visual world is parsed by circuits in the retina and is then transmitted to the brain by distinct subtypes of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Axons from RGC subtypes are stratified in retinorecipient brain nuclei, such as the superior colliculus (SC), to provide a segregated relay of parallel and feature-specific visual streams. Here, we sought to identify the molecular mechanisms that direct the stereotyped laminar targeting of these axons. We focused on ipsilateral-projecting subtypes of RGCs (ipsiRGCs) whose axons target a deep SC sublamina. We identified an extracellular glycoprotein, Nephronectin (NPNT), whose expression is restricted to this ipsiRGC-targeted sublamina. SC-derived NPNT and integrin receptors expressed by ipsiRGCs are both required for the targeting of ipsiRGC axons to the deep sublamina of SC. Thus, a cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) recognition mechanism specifies precise laminar targeting of ipsiRGC axons and the assembly of eye-specific parallel visual pathways.

• MeSH
• axony fyziologie   MeSH
• colliculus superior cytologie   metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• extracelulární matrix fyziologie   MeSH
• integriny metabolismus   MeSH
• mozek fyziologie   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• retinální gangliové buňky fyziologie   MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• zrakové dráhy * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix (ECM) chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG)-containing structures that surround the soma and dendrites of various mammalian neuronal cell types. PNNs appear during development around the time that the critical periods for developmental plasticity end and are important for both their onset and closure. A similar structure - the perinodal ECM - surrounds the axonal nodes of Ranvier and appears as myelination is completed, acting as an ion-diffusion barrier that affects axonal conduction speed. Recent work has revealed the importance of PNNs in controlling plasticity in the CNS. Digestion, blocking or removal of PNNs influences functional recovery after a variety of CNS lesions. PNNs have further been shown to be involved in the regulation of memory and have been implicated in a number of psychiatric disorders.

• MeSH
• duševní poruchy patofyziologie   MeSH
• extracelulární matrix fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• modely neurologické MeSH
• nemoci centrálního nervového systému patofyziologie   MeSH
• neurony fyziologie   MeSH
• neuroplasticita fyziologie   MeSH
• paměť fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

With an increasingly aging global population, the incidence of neurological diseases such as dementia is set to increase to unmanageable levels, yet there are currently only symptomatic therapies available for treatment. The mechanisms underlying the development of some forms of dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), are not yet completely elucidated with several competing hypotheses existing. During the closure of the critical period in the brain, significant compositional changes occur to the neural extracellular matrix (ECM). Specifically, condensed mesh-like structures called perineuronal nets (PNNs) form around subsets of neurons and have a profound effect on axonal growth and limit neuronal plasticity. These PNNs act as a morphological checkpoint and can influence memory and cognition. Manipulating these important ECM structures may provide the key to reactivating plasticity and restoring memory, both of which are severely impaired in AD and other associated neurological diseases. This review explores the current understanding of how PNNs are manipulated and examines potential new methods for PNN modulation. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Therapeutics for Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: New Directions for Precision Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.18/issuetoc.

• MeSH
• extracelulární matrix fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurony fyziologie   MeSH
• neuroplasticita * MeSH
• paměť * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Kyselina hyaluronová je vysokomolekulární polysacharid extracelulární matrix účastnící se řady významných biologických účinků zahrnujících regulační, zánětlivé, imunosupresivní a antiproliferativní účinky. Je užitečný v řadě klinických aplikací a vhodným terapeutickým nástrojem. Přehledný článek shrnuje základní charakteristiky a možnosti klinického využití kyseliny hyaluronové.

Hyaluronic acid is a high molecular weight extracellular matrix polysaccharide involved in a variety of significant biological effects including regulatory, inflammatory, immunosuppressive and antiproliferative effects. It is useful in a number of clinical applications and is a suitable therapeutic tool. The article summarizes the basic characteristics and possibilities of clinical use of hyaluronic acid.

• MeSH
• antiflogistika nesteroidní terapeutické užití   MeSH
• biologické markery chemie   MeSH
• buňky pojivové tkáně chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 1. typu diagnóza   MeSH
• extracelulární matrix fyziologie   metabolismus   účinky léků   MeSH
• glykosaminoglykany analýza   metabolismus   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• hodnocení léčiv * metody   trendy   MeSH
• imunosupresiva metabolismus   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• jaterní cirhóza diagnóza   MeSH
• kyselina hyaluronová * analýza   metabolismus   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci kloubů farmakoterapie   MeSH
• nosiče léků * chemie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• sklivec anatomie a histologie   chemie   MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• synoviální tekutina chemie   metabolismus   účinky léků   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Extracellular matrix (ECM) is an essential component of the tissue microenvironment, actively shaping cellular behavior. In vitro culture systems are often poor in ECM constituents, thus not allowing for naturally occurring cell-ECM interactions. This study reports on a straightforward and efficient method for the generation of ECM scaffolds from lung tissue and its subsequent in vitro application using primary lung cells. Mouse lung tissue was subjected to decellularization with 0.2% sodium dodecyl sulfate, hypotonic solutions, and DNase. Resultant ECM scaffolds were devoid of cells and DNA, whereas lung ECM architecture of alveolar region and blood and airway networks were preserved. Scaffolds were predominantly composed of core ECM and ECM-associated proteins such as collagens I-IV, nephronectin, heparan sulfate proteoglycan core protein, and lysyl oxidase homolog 1, among others. When homogenized and applied as coating substrate, ECM supported the attachment of lung fibroblasts (LFs) in a dose-dependent manner. After ECM characterization and biocompatibility tests, a novel in vitro platform for three-dimensional (3D) matrix repopulation that permits live imaging of cell-ECM interactions was established. Using this system, LFs colonized the ECM scaffolds, displaying a close-to-native morphology in intimate interaction with the ECM fibers, and showed nuclear translocation of the mechanosensor yes-associated protein (YAP), when compared with cells cultured in two dimensions. In conclusion, we developed a 3D-like culture system, by combining an efficient decellularization method with a live-imaging culture platform, to replicate in vitro native lung cell-ECM crosstalk. This is a valuable system that can be easily applied to other organs for ECM-related drug screening, disease modeling, and basic mechanistic studies.

• MeSH
• extracelulární matrix - proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• extracelulární matrix fyziologie   MeSH
• fibroblasty cytologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši inbrední ICR MeSH
• myši MeSH
• plíce cytologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• proteomika MeSH
• techniky in vitro MeSH
• tkáňové inženýrství metody   MeSH
• tkáňové podpůrné struktury MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Fibrillar collagen in tendons and its natural development in rabbits are discussed in this paper. Achilles tendons from newborn (~7 days) to elderly (~38 months) rabbits were monitored in intact (n tendons=24) and microtome sectioned (n tendons=11) states with label-free second harmonic generation microscopy. After sectioning, the collagen fiber pattern was irregular for the younger animals and remained oriented parallel to the load axis of the tendon for the older animals. In contrast, the collagen fiber pattern in the intact samples followed the load axis for all the age groups. However, there was a significant difference in the tendon crimp pattern appearance between the age groups. The crimp amplitude (A) and wavelength (Λ) started at very low values (A=2.0±0.6 µm, Λ=19±4 µm) for the newborn animals. Both parameters increased for the sexually mature animals (>5 months old). When the animals were fully mature the amplitude decreased but the wavelength kept increasing. The results revealed that the microtome sectioning artifacts depend on the age of animals and that the collagen crimp pattern reflects the physical growth and development.

• MeSH
• Achillova šlacha cytologie   růst a vývoj   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• biomechanika fyziologie   MeSH
• extracelulární matrix fyziologie   MeSH
• fibrilární kolageny metabolismus   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• konfokální mikroskopie MeSH
• králíci MeSH
• mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
• pevnost v tahu fyziologie   MeSH
• polarizační mikroskopie MeSH
• stárnutí fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• králíci MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The mammary gland consists of numerous tissue compartments, including mammary epithelium, an array of stromal cells, and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Bidirectional interactions between the epithelium and its surrounding stroma are essential for proper mammary gland development and homeostasis, whereas their deregulation leads to developmental abnormalities and cancer. To study the relationships between the epithelium and the stroma, development of models that could recapitulate essential aspects of these interacting systems in vitro has become necessary. Here we describe a three-dimensional (3D) co-culture assay and show that the addition of fibroblasts to mammary organoid cultures promotes the epithelium to undergo branching morphogenesis, thus allowing the role of the stromal microenvironment to be examined in this essential developmental process.

• MeSH
• buněčné mikroprostředí fyziologie   MeSH
• buňky stromatu cytologie   MeSH
• epitel fyziologie   MeSH
• epitelové buňky cytologie   MeSH
• extracelulární matrix fyziologie   MeSH
• fibroblasty cytologie   MeSH
• kokultivační techniky metody   MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• mléčné žlázy zvířat cytologie   MeSH
• morfogeneze fyziologie   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• signální transdukce fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The formation and development of bacterial as well as yeast or filamentous fungi biofilms, which is connected with dangerous or even fatal human infections, represents a relatively new and poorly studied problem in current medicine. The understanding of the processes running in biofilms of pathogenic microorganisms and finding of new possibilities of the biofilm prevention or eradication and also the regulation of biofilm resistance development is necessary for proposing advanced treatment procedures for wide range of illnesses.

• Klíčová slova
• extracelulární polymerní látky,
• MeSH
• antibiotická rezistence účinky léků   MeSH
• antiinfekční látky MeSH
• Aspergillus fumigatus patogenita   MeSH
• aspergilóza alergická bronchopulmonální mikrobiologie   MeSH
• bakteriální adheze fyziologie   MeSH
• biofilmy * růst a vývoj   účinky léků   MeSH
• Candida klasifikace   patogenita   MeSH
• cystická fibróza mikrobiologie   MeSH
• dezinfekce MeSH
• Escherichia coli patogenita   MeSH
• extracelulární matrix - proteiny MeSH
• extracelulární matrix fyziologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• infekce spojené s protézou etiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• katétry mikrobiologie   MeSH
• otitis media mikrobiologie   MeSH
• parodontitida mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa patogenita   MeSH
• Staphylococcus aureus patogenita   MeSH
• Staphylococcus epidermidis patogenita   MeSH
• Streptococcus mutans patogenita   MeSH
• Trichosporon patogenita   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Human amniotic epithelial cells (hAEC) are characterized by a great ability to differentiate, and immunomodulatory properties toward mother's immune system cells. These features have been described as being able to change during pregnancy. Thanks to their unique properties: low immunogenicity and high effectiveness of transplantations, amniotic epithelial cells constitute a very attractive source of stem cells for practical purposes in regenerative medicine and transplantology. In this review, we focus on natural factors potentially determining hAEC immunophenotype during pregnancy. Recognition of the impact of specific factors on hAEC would help in effective isolation, creation of appropriate culture conditions and regulation of desired cell function. We also indicate immunomodulatory properties of hAEC themselves. Discovering relations of hAEC with the microenvironment seems to be crucial for their clinical application.

• MeSH
• amnion * anatomie a histologie   cytologie   embryologie   MeSH
• biomedicínský výzkum MeSH
• epitelové buňky cytologie   enzymologie   imunologie   MeSH
• extracelulární matrix enzymologie   fyziologie   imunologie   MeSH
• faktory růstu hematopoetických buněk genetika   imunologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• imunomodulace * imunologie   MeSH
• imunosupresivní léčba MeSH
• kmenové buňky cytologie   enzymologie   imunologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezenchymální kmenové buňky cytologie   enzymologie   imunologie   MeSH
• plodová voda cytologie   enzymologie   MeSH
• regenerativní lékařství * metody   trendy   MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH