The evolution of whole-body endothermy occurred independently in dinosaurs and mammals and was associated with some of the most significant neurocognitive shifts in life's history. These included a 20-fold increase in neurons and the evolution of new brain structures, supporting similar functions in both lineages. We propose the endothermic brain hypothesis, which holds that elaborations in endotherm brains were geared towards increasing caloric intake through efficient foraging. The hypothesis is grounded in the intrinsic coupling of cognition and organismic self-maintenance. We argue that coevolution of increased metabolism and new forms of cognition should be jointly investigated in comparative studies of behaviors and brain anatomy, along with studies of fossil species. We suggest avenues for such research and highlight critical open questions.
- MeSH
- biologická evoluce * MeSH
- kognice * fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mozek * fyziologie MeSH
- potraviny MeSH
- stravovací zvyklosti fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- STOB,
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- obezita dětí a dospívajících * diagnóza dietoterapie komplikace psychologie MeSH
- pohybová aktivita MeSH
- stravovací zvyklosti fyziologie psychologie MeSH
- týmová péče o pacienty MeSH
- výchova a vzdělávání MeSH
- zdraví rodiny výchova MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
The nearest-neighbour distance is an important property of a group, as individuals can obtain environmental information more quickly and easily from nearby individuals. We examined whether distance to the nearest neighbour affected two components of escape behaviour - alert distance (AD) and flight initiation distance (FID) - in an urban population of hooded crows Corvus cornix, while controlling for confounding variables. We did not find evidence that AD and FID were influenced by the nearest neighbour distance. However, both AD and FID were negatively affected by feeding activity of individuals - focal crows alerted later and escaped at shorter distance if they were feeding during our approach. In addition, AD and FID were positively related to starting distance and grass coverage. The lack of evidence for the nearest neighbour effect on escape behaviour of crows may be due to: (1) disturbance by close neighbours that may impede antipredator behaviour of focal birds, (2) variable distribution of familiar, dominant or experienced individuals within a flock, and (3) dynamic change in position of the nearest neighbour during the potential predator approach.
- MeSH
- chování zvířat fyziologie MeSH
- stravovací zvyklosti fyziologie MeSH
- úniková reakce * fyziologie MeSH
- vrány * fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Ticks are hematophagous arthropods that use a complex mixture of salivary proteins to evade host defenses while taking a blood meal. Little is known about the immunological and physiological consequences of tick feeding on humans. Here, we performed the first bulk and single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) of skin and blood of four persons presenting with naturally acquired, attached Ixodes scapularis ticks. Pathways and individual genes associated with innate and adaptive immunity were identified based on bulk RNA sequencing, including interleukin-17 signaling and platelet activation pathways at the site of tick attachment or in peripheral blood. snRNA-seq further revealed that the Hippo signaling, cell adhesion, and axon guidance pathways were involved in the response to an I. scapularis bite in humans. Features of the host response in these individuals also overlapped with that of laboratory guinea pigs exposed to I. scapularis and which acquired resistance to ticks. These findings offer novel insights for the development of new biomarkers for I. scapularis exposure and anti-tick vaccines for human use.
- MeSH
- klíště * genetika MeSH
- kousnutí klíštětem * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- morčata MeSH
- RNA malá jaderná MeSH
- sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
- stravovací zvyklosti fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- morčata MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci etiologie MeSH
- klinická studie jako téma MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- smutek MeSH
- srdce patofyziologie MeSH
- stravovací zvyklosti * fyziologie psychologie MeSH
- úzkost MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- novinové články MeSH
- zprávy MeSH
- MeSH
- diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hormony analýza MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- liraglutid * aplikace a dávkování farmakologie MeSH
- nadváha etiologie farmakoterapie komplikace terapie MeSH
- nemoci endokrinního systému diagnóza epidemiologie komplikace patologie MeSH
- obezita * etiologie farmakoterapie komplikace terapie MeSH
- stravovací zvyklosti fyziologie MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- změny tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
- novinové články MeSH
Nastavení správných stravovacích zvyklostí je jedním ze základních pilířů nefarmakologické léčby obézního pacienta. Nutriční intervence vedená nutričním terapeutem představuje klíčovou součást managementu obezity. Principem moderní nutriční terapie není předávání obecných informací o výživě, ale individualizovaných doporučení. Úkolem nutričního terapeuta je poskytovat informace konkrétní, vyžádané, ve správný čas a ve správné formě, informace pro pacienta pochopitelné a zařaditelné do jeho života. Nutriční terapeut vytváří s pacientem terapeutický vztah založený na důvěře a provází ho na jeho cestě k osvojení si principu redukčního způsobu stravování. Dochází tak k ústupu od rigidního přístupu k dietní léčbě obézních pacientů a místo předpisu redukční diety je pacientovi dán prostor pro vlastní aktivní zapojení. Důraz je kladen na dlouhodobou udržitelnost nově nastaveného režimu. V rámci kvalitně provedené nutriční intervence jsou proto zohledňovány nejen přítomné komorbidity obezity, ale také další faktory, jako je denní režim pacienta, úroveň fyzické aktivity a individuální zvyklosti.
Setting the right eating habits is one of the basic pillars of non-pharmacological treatment of an obese patient. Nutritional interventions led by dietitians are a key part of obesity management. The principle of modern nutritional therapy is not the transmission of general information about nutrition, but individualized recommendations. The task of a dietitian is to provide information that is specific, requested, at the right time and in the right form, information that is understandable to the patient and can be included in their life. A dietitian creates a therapeutic relationship with the patient based on trust and accompanies them on his path to mastering the principle of a diet for weight-loss. There is thus a shift from a rigid approach to dietary treatment of obese patients, where instead of prescribing a diet aiming at weight-loss, the patient is given space for their own active involvement. Emphasis is placed on the long-term sustainability of the newly set regime. Therefore, not only the present comorbidities of obesity, but also other factors, such as the patient’s daily routine, level of physical activity and individual habits, are considered in a well-performed nutritional intervention.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- fyziologie výživy dětí * MeSH
- fyziologie výživy kojenců MeSH
- fyziologie výživy mladistvých MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- preference v jídle * fyziologie MeSH
- reklama zaměřená na spotřebitele MeSH
- socioekonomické faktory MeSH
- stravovací zvyklosti fyziologie MeSH
- vztahy mezi rodiči a dětmi MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
Host blood protein digestion plays a pivotal role in the ontogeny and reproduction of hematophagous vectors. The gut of hematophagous arthropods stores and slowly digests host blood and represents the primary gateway for transmitted pathogens. The initial step in blood degradation is induced lysis of host red blood cells (hemolysis), which releases hemoglobin for subsequent processing by digestive proteolytic enzymes. The activity cycles and characteristics of hemolysis in vectors are poorly understood. Hence, we investigated hemolysis in two evolutionarily distant blood-feeding arthropods: The mosquito Culex pipiens and the soft tick Argas persicus, both of which are important human and veterinary disease vectors. Hemolysis in both species was cyclical after blood meal ingestion. Maximum digestion occurs under slightly alkaline conditions in females. Hemolytic activity appears to be of lipoid origin in C. pipiens and enzymatic activity (proteolytic) in A. persicus. We have assessed the effect of pH, incubation time, and temperature on hemolytic activity and the hemolysin. The susceptibility of red blood cells from different hosts to the hemolysin and the effect of metabolic inhibition of hemolytic activity were assessed. We conclude that in C. pipiens and A. persicus midgut hemolysins control the amplitude of blood lysis step to guarantee an efficient blood digestion.
- MeSH
- členovci - vektory fyziologie MeSH
- členovci MeSH
- Culex MeSH
- Culicidae MeSH
- erytrocyty MeSH
- hematologické testy MeSH
- hemolýza * MeSH
- hemolyziny MeSH
- komáří přenašeči fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- stravovací zvyklosti fyziologie MeSH
- trávicí systém MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
AIMS: As the most abundant cell population in the blood, erythrocytes represent an attractive source of nutrients and a protective niche to a number of pathogens. Previously, we observed the attachment of the myxozoan parasite Sphaerospora molnari to erythrocytes of its host, common carp (Cyprinus carpio), raising a number of questions about the nature of this interaction. METHODS AND RESULTS: We elucidated the impact of S molnari on the number of erythrocytes in healthy and immunocompromised fish, over a period of 6 weeks. While we observed only a mild decrease in RBC numbers in healthy individuals, we witnessed gradual and finally severe haemolytic anaemia in immunosuppressed fish. Accompanying this overt loss was increased erythropoiesis as represented by an increase of erythroblasts in the blood. In vitro, we demonstrated the uptake of host proteins from CFSE-labelled erythrocytes, ultimately inducing death of host RBCs, likely for nutrient gain of the parasite. Nevertheless, the results do not exclude a possible role of erythrocyte-derived proteins in immune evasion. CONCLUSION: Overall, the obtained data provide first evidence for the previously unknown appetite of myxozoan parasites for host erythrocytes and create an important framework for future investigations into the molecular mechanisms underlining this interaction.
- MeSH
- erytrocyty parazitologie MeSH
- erytropoéza fyziologie MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- hemolytické anemie parazitologie MeSH
- kapři parazitologie MeSH
- Myxozoa fyziologie MeSH
- nemoci ryb parazitologie MeSH
- stravovací zvyklosti fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
