• MeSH
• financování zdravotní péče * MeSH
• lékaři ekonomika   MeSH
• lékařky ekonomika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mzdy a přídavky ekonomika   statistika a číselné údaje   trendy   MeSH
• práce ekonomika   normy   zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• příjem statistika a číselné údaje   trendy   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• novinové články MeSH
• zprávy MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to determine secular trends in vigorous physical activity (VPA) among adolescents in relation to family affluence across 34 countries. METHODS: This study used data from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study from 34 countries in Europe and North America. Adolescents (N = 501,647) aged 11, 13 and 15 years across three survey cycles (2006, 2010, 2014) self-reported data on VPA and a family affluence scale (FAS) using standardized questionnaires. RESULTS: A significant increase in VPA was found in low-FAS boys (girls) in four (10) countries and a decrease in four (three) countries. In high-FAS boys (girls), a significant increase was observed in nine (11) countries and a decrease in two(three) countries. An overall significant increase in meeting the VPA recommendations was found in high-FAS boys (OR 1.11; 95% CI 1.06-1.16) and in all FAS groups in girls, with the largest effect being found among high-FAS girls (OR 1.24; 95% CI 1.18-1.30). CONCLUSIONS: A country-specific increase in VPA was observed primarily in the medium- and high-FAS categories. This study suggests a need to focus on increasing VPA efforts, especially in low- and medium-FAS boys.

• MeSH
• celosvětové zdraví * MeSH
• cvičení * MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• příjem statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Severní Amerika MeSH

• MeSH
• domácí ošetřovatelství ekonomika   pracovní síly   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• příjem statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• přímé náklady na služby statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• služby domácí péče * organizace a řízení   zásobování a distribuce   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• novinové články MeSH

The Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children study (HBSC) uses the Family Affluence Scale (FAS) as a tool to identify the socioeconomic status of children and adolescents. Even though it is now widely applied in research studies, the external criterion validation of FAS has not been verified in terms of objective economic indicators in Central Europe. The aim of this study is to validate FAS in terms of disposable income per capita in 14 Czech administrative regions. Regional differences in the FAS score were analyzed using Pearson correlation and linear regression to measure the dependency of the aggregated mean of the FAS index at the regional level on data from the Czech HSBC survey carried out from April to June 2014 (n = 10,361). The data analysis has shown an overall positive correlation between the FAS index and regional disposable income (R = 0.77, p < 0.01). The regional disposable income per person could explain 59.7% of the variance in the FAS index (p < 0.01). By validating individual items, the authors identified three items with a significant correlation (p < 0.01): number of computers, dishwasher at home, and number of holidays. FAS seems to be a valid instrument to measure adolescents' socioeconomic status.

• MeSH
• charakteristiky rodiny * MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• příjem statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky * normy   MeSH
• společenská třída * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• validační studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

BACKGROUND: Little information is available about the geo-economic variations in demographics, management, and outcomes of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We aimed to characterise the effect of these geo-economic variations in patients enrolled in the Large Observational Study to Understand the Global Impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Failure (LUNG SAFE). METHODS: LUNG SAFE was done during 4 consecutive weeks in winter, 2014, in a convenience sample of 459 intensive-care units in 50 countries across six continents. Inclusion criteria were admission to a participating intensive-care unit (including transfers) within the enrolment window and receipt of invasive or non-invasive ventilation. One of the trial's secondary aims was to characterise variations in the demographics, management, and outcome of patients with ARDS. We used the 2016 World Bank countries classification to define three major geo-economic groupings, namely European high-income countries (Europe-High), high-income countries in the rest of the world (rWORLD-High), and middle-income countries (Middle). We compared patient outcomes across these three groupings. LUNG SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02010073. FINDINGS: Of the 2813 patients enrolled in LUNG SAFE who fulfilled ARDS criteria on day 1 or 2, 1521 (54%) were recruited from Europe-High, 746 (27%) from rWORLD-High, and 546 (19%) from Middle countries. We noted significant geographical variations in demographics, risk factors for ARDS, and comorbid diseases. The proportion of patients with severe ARDS or with ratios of the partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) to the fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air (FiO2) less than 150 was significantly lower in rWORLD-High countries than in the two other regions. Use of prone positioning and neuromuscular blockade was significantly more common in Europe-High countries than in the other two regions. Adjusted duration of invasive mechanical ventilation and length of stay in the intensive-care unit were significantly shorter in patients in rWORLD-High countries than in Europe-High or Middle countries. High gross national income per person was associated with increased survival in ARDS; hospital survival was significantly lower in Middle countries than in Europe-High or rWORLD-High countries. INTERPRETATION: Important geo-economic differences exist in the severity, clinician recognition, and management of ARDS, and in patients' outcomes. Income per person and outcomes in ARDS are independently associated. FUNDING: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, University of Milan-Bicocca.

• MeSH
• hodnocení výsledků pacienta MeSH
• jednotky intenzivní péče statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• komorbidita MeSH
• lékařská geografie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• poskytování zdravotní péče statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• příjem statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• rozvojové země statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• syndrom dechové tísně ekonomika   epidemiologie   MeSH
• vyspělé země statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH

AIM: A great amount of non-communicable disease deaths poses a threat for all people and therefore represents the challenge for health policy makers, health providers and other health or social policy actors. The aim of this study is to analyse regional differences in non-communicable disease mortality in the Slovak Republic, and to quantify the relationship between mortality and economic indicators of the Slovak regions. METHODS: Standardised mortality rates adjusted for age, sex, region, and period were calculated applying direct standardisation methods with the European standard population covering the time span from 2005 to 2013. The impact of income indicators on standardised mortality rates was calculated using the panel regression models. RESULTS: The Bratislava region reaches the lowest values of standardised mortality rate for non-communicable diseases for both sexes. On the other side, the Nitra region has the highest standardised mortality rate for non-communicable diseases. Income quintile ratio has the highest effect on mortality, however, the expected positive impact is not confirmed. Gini coefficient at the 0.001 significance level and social benefits at the 0.01 significance level look like the most influencing variables on the standardised mortality rate. By addition of one percentage point of Gini coefficient, mortality rate increases by 148.19 units. When a share of population receiving social benefits increases by one percentage point, the standardised mortality rate will increase by 22.36 units. CONCLUSIONS: Non-communicable disease mortality together with income inequalities among the regions of the Slovak Republic highlight the importance of economic impact on population health.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neinfekční nemoci mortalita   MeSH
• příjem statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika epidemiologie   MeSH

Příspěvek analyzuje finanční hospodaření českých domácností v letech ekonomické krize (2009-2013) a v roce ekonomického růstu 2014. V období ekonomického poklesu se v domácnostech snižovalo tempo růstu příjmové úrovně, v letech 2011 a 2013 došlo dokonce k poklesu nominálních peněžních příjmů a kupní síly domácností. Reakcí na tento vývoj bylo snížení tempa růstu celkových spotřebních vydání. Nominální výdaje za potraviny a nealkoholické nápoje po celé sledované období rostly (s výjimkou roku 2009); domácnosti častěji omezovaly výdaje za některé zbytné potřeby.

The article analyses the financial management of the Czech households during the economic crisis (2009-2013) and in the year of the economic growth 2014. In a period of crisis, the rate of growth of money incomes reduced, in the years 2011 and 2013 there was a decline in money incomes and purchasing power of households. Reaction to this development was the reduction in the rate of growth of total consumption expenditures. The nominal expenditures on food and non-alcoholic beverages were growing (except 2009). The households often limited spending for some non-essential needs.

• MeSH
• chování spotřebitelů * ekonomika   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• ekonomika * statistika a číselné údaje   trendy   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• potraviny a nápoje * ekonomika   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• příjem statistika a číselné údaje   trendy   MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The aim of this survey study is to define the group of the working poor within the Czech Republic and in the selected countries. Comparison of this group can be a benefit for future research and improvement of the quality of life of the working poor. This survey study is based on articles in the SCOPUS, EBSCO and Google Scholar databases. The data have been processed through the method of the text analysis of documents. The working poor are currently an inexplicitly defined group of people. Researches show that there are two indicators for evaluation of the working poor. One of them is the so-called poverty level that is set by a certain percentage from the median of income of the particular state (mostly 50% or 60%). The second indicator is a minimum wage. The working poor are often people who work only part-time and whose wages are in the amount of about a minimum wage. Unfortunately, even people working full time often get wages at the poverty level. However, despite this fact, people still more often choose a less stable job with a minimum wage rather than being unemployed. A job provides them with a certain barrier against falling into social exclusion. Of course, the poverty level as well as the minimum wage differ in particular countries. The number of people living under the poverty level also differs. At present, the only country that explicitly defines this group are the United States of America. Approximately 14% of the population work below the poverty level there. In the whole of Asia it is about 29.5% of the population, and Asia is in one of the top positions among the countries with the biggest level of poverty in the world. The researches done in Europe show similar numbers. In the Czech Republic, the amount of the working poor is about 4% of the population. In Poland the number is about 7%, and in the UK about 8% of the population work below the poverty level. The researches from Eurostat, which have been done within Europe, look more favourable for the Czech Republic than for many other states. In 2014 the Czech Republic was a country that has one of the least dangers of poverty for those who are working.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pracující chudí ekonomika   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• příjem statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Asie MeSH
• Česká republika MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• Hongkong MeSH
• Polsko MeSH
• Slovenská republika MeSH
• Spojené království MeSH
• Spojené státy americké MeSH
• východní Evropa MeSH

• MeSH
• charakteristiky rodiny * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• potraviny * ekonomika   využití   MeSH
• příjem * statistika a číselné údaje   trendy   MeSH
• společenská třída MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

This paper presents an analysis of factors influencing job satisfaction in post-transition economies on the example of the Czech Republic. Our research shows that women reported higher levels of job satisfaction compared to men. Education proved to be statistically significant in one of three indicators of job satisfaction. Personal income and workplace relationships proved to be positively and significantly related to all the three indicators of job satisfaction. Most of the occupational dummies were significantly related to two out of three indicators of job satisfaction. In addition, we found that Czech entrepreneurs enjoy and value their job, which indicates strong self-selection for doing business in post-transition economies. However, human capital expressed by the level of education was significant factor for job satisfaction, meaning that well-educated people might not be satisfied with their jobs or feel that their education and experience are wasted in the market economy.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• interpersonální vztahy MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• podnikání MeSH
• pracovní uspokojení * MeSH
• příjem statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• stupeň vzdělání MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH