The world-wide incidence of many immune-mediated and metabolic diseases, including those of the intestines and liver, is steadily increasing. Gut microbiota plays a central role in the pathogenesis of these diseases as it mediates environmental changes to the intestinal immune system. Various environmental factors including diet, food additives and medication also trigger the compositional and functional alterations of microbiota, that is, dysbiosis, and this dysbiosis is closely associated with many chronic inflammatory diseases. However, the causal relationship remains unclear for the majority of these diseases. In this review, we discuss essential epidemiological data, known pathogenetic factors including those of genetic and environmental nature, while mainly focusing on the role of gut microbiota in the development of selected intestinal and liver diseases. Using specific examples, we also briefly describe some of the most widely-used animal models including gnotobiotic models and their contribution to the research of pathogenetic mechanisms of the host-microbiota relationship.
- MeSH
- Dysbiosis microbiology physiopathology MeSH
- Germ-Free Life physiology MeSH
- Disease Models, Animal MeSH
- Mice MeSH
- Liver Diseases microbiology physiopathology MeSH
- Intestinal Diseases microbiology physiopathology MeSH
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome physiology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Mice MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Review MeSH
- MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Mycobacterium avium MeSH
- Mycobacterium Infections * physiopathology therapy MeSH
- Intestinal Diseases microbiology pathology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Comment MeSH
- Editorial MeSH
Cardinal tetra, Paracheirodon axelrodi (Schultz, 1956), kept in an ornamental tank, was found to be affected by severe invasive mycosis. Externally, the disease manifested as abdominal swelling, and internally, the anterior part of the intestine was extremely bloated with abundant dematiaceous septate hyphae and an accumulation of fluid. Histopathologically, a granulomatous inflammatory response was observed in the intestine wall, kidney and spleen. We assume that the mycotic agent was primarily deposited in the intestine and was then gradually disseminated to the other organs. DNA sequencing of ITS and LSU rDNA regions and phenotypic characterization were used for identification of the isolated fungus. The obtained data confirmed that the infection was caused by Exophiala pisciphila. The disease was subsequently reproduced in the carp fingerling using intramuscular and intraperitoneal injection of a spore suspension. The 13th day after intramuscular infection, a marked elevation of neutrophils was recorded in the peripheral blood; this involved a proliferation of band forms and segmented forms. As far as we know, this is the first report of infection due to E. pisciphila in Cardinal tetra.
- MeSH
- Characidae * MeSH
- DNA, Fungal genetics MeSH
- Exophiala genetics physiology MeSH
- Phylogeny MeSH
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer genetics MeSH
- Fish Diseases immunology microbiology MeSH
- Intestinal Diseases immunology microbiology veterinary MeSH
- Phaeohyphomycosis immunology microbiology veterinary MeSH
- Sequence Analysis, DNA veterinary MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Cytoletálne toxíny (cytolethal distending toxins; CDT) sú intracelulárne pôsobiace proteíny, ktoré zasahujú do bunkového cyklu eukaryotických buniek. Sú produkované gramnegatívnymi baktériami, ktoré majú afinitu k mukokutánnym povrchom a môžu sa uplatniť v patogenéze rôznych ochorení u cicavcov. Funkčný toxín sa skladá z troch proteínov: CdtB vstupuje do jadra a svojou nukleázovou aktivitou indukuje fragmentáciu jadra a rozrušenie chromatínu, CdtA a CdtC sú zodpovedné za pripojenie toxínu k povrchu hostiteľskej bunky. Cytotoxický účinok CDT vedie k zastaveniu bunkového cyklu predtým, ako bunka vstúpi do mitózy a k ďalším zmenám (rozšírenie bunky a smrť, apoptóza), ktoré závisia od typu bunky. CDT tak môže pôsobiť ako faktor virulencie u patogénnych baktérií, ktoré ho produkujú a prispievať k iniciácii niektorých ochorení. Zvlášť významné sú zápalové črevné ochorenia vyvolané črevnými baktériami, periodontitída, pri ktorej sa ako etiologický agens uplatňuje Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a mäkký vred, ktorého pôvodcom je Haemophilus ducreyi.
Cytolethal distending toxins (CDT) are intracellularly acting proteins which interfere with the eukaryotic cell cycle. They are produced by Gram-negative bacteria with affinity to mucocutaneous surfaces and could play a role in the pathogenesis of various mammalian diseases. The functional toxin is composed of three proteins: CdtB entering the nucleus and by its nuclease activity inducing nuclear fragmentation and chromatin disintegration, CdtA, and CdtC, the two latter being responsible for toxin attachment to the surface of the target cell. Cytotoxic effect of CDT leads to the cell cycle arrest before the cell enters mitosis and to further changes (cell distension and death, apoptosis) depending on the cell type. Thus, CDT may function as a virulence factor in pathogenic bacteria that produce it and thus may contribute to the initiation of certain diseases. Most important are inflammatory bowel diseases caused by intestinal bacteria, periodontitis with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans as the aetiologic agent and ulcus molle where Haemophilus ducreyi is the causative agent.
- MeSH
- Bacterial Toxins * genetics metabolism MeSH
- Cell Nucleus MeSH
- Cell Cycle MeSH
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic MeSH
- Epithelial Cells immunology MeSH
- Virulence Factors MeSH
- Haemophilus ducreyi MeSH
- Immune System Phenomena MeSH
- Clinical Laboratory Techniques MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Chancroid immunology pathology MeSH
- Disease Models, Animal MeSH
- Mutagens MeSH
- Mice MeSH
- Intestinal Diseases microbiology MeSH
- Periodontitis MeSH
- Cell Proliferation MeSH
- Diarrhea genetics pathology MeSH
- Salmonella typhi MeSH
- Research MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Mice MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
The virulence factors EAST1 and AIDA are often detected in ETEC/VTEC strains isolated from pigs and their role in diarrhoeal infections is discussed. In order to elucidate the pathogenesis of AIDA, the colonisation patterns of F4 positive and AIDA positive strains were investigated. Two wild-type Escherichia coli strains AIDA/EAST1 and F4/EAST1 isolated from diarrhoeal piglets were used for animal experiment to evaluate the ability of the EAST1 toxin to be involved in induction of diarrhoea. Gnotobiotic piglets were supplemented with normal porcine serum and orally inoculated with the strains. Faecal bacterial shedding of the challenge strains was observed during the experiment. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to detect the colonisation pattern of both challenge strains. Although bacterial isolation demonstrated shedding of the challenge strains until the end of the experiment, diarrhoea did not develop in any piglet. Based on histological examination, piglets were more heavily colonised in the case of infection with E. coli O149/F4/EAST1 strain. Scanning electron microscopy showed bacterial cells of F4/EAST1 E. coli adhering to enterocytes, in contrast to AIDA/EAST1 which were poorly present on the intestinal surface. The EAST1 toxin alone was not able to induce diarrhoea in animals. Therefore our results demonstrate that the function/role of EAST1 and AIDA in colibacillosis of pigs remains to be elucidated.
- MeSH
- Adhesins, Bacterial immunology MeSH
- Bacterial Toxins immunology MeSH
- Enterotoxins immunology MeSH
- Escherichia coli immunology MeSH
- Feces microbiology MeSH
- Germ-Free Life immunology MeSH
- Immunohistochemistry veterinary MeSH
- Escherichia coli Infections immunology microbiology veterinary MeSH
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning veterinary MeSH
- Random Allocation MeSH
- Swine Diseases immunology microbiology MeSH
- Intestinal Diseases immunology microbiology veterinary MeSH
- Statistics, Nonparametric MeSH
- Swine MeSH
- Escherichia coli Proteins immunology MeSH
- Diarrhea immunology microbiology veterinary MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
With the purpose of an estimation of the contribution of virus activators in the etiological structure of acute intestinal infections in children during the rise of prevalence of acute intestinal infections from 2009 to 2011 there were studied 1050 children admitted to the hospital with diarrheal diseases. It is established, that acute intestinal infections have a viral nature in 56.67% of cases. Thus the leading role belongs to rotaviruses and adenoviruses. Infectious agents of diarrheal diseases are rotaviruses in 28.1 % of cases, adenoviruses - in 17.05 %, and astroviruses - in 11.43 %. The viral monoinfections occur more often, than mixed-infections. The rise of sporadic diseases of viral diarrhea was characterized by seasonal prevalence. For intestinal infections of viral etiology the seasonal rise in a cold season with peak of the rate of diseases of rotaviral infection in April, adenoviral infection in November, and astroviral infection in December is characteristic.
- MeSH
- Acute Disease MeSH
- Bacterial Infections * MeSH
- Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease * epidemiology MeSH
- Infant MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Intestinal Diseases * etiology microbiology MeSH
- Child, Preschool MeSH
- Diarrhea * virology MeSH
- Virus Diseases * MeSH
- Check Tag
- Infant MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Child, Preschool MeSH
- Geographicals
- Uzbekistan MeSH
- Keywords
- doporučení, epidemické robotypy,
- MeSH
- Clostridioides difficile isolation & purification pathogenicity MeSH
- Communicable Diseases diagnosis etiology microbiology MeSH
- Clinical Laboratory Techniques classification methods MeSH
- Clostridium Infections diagnosis microbiology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Intestinal Diseases diagnosis etiology microbiology MeSH
- Sensitivity and Specificity MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
The analysis of epidemiological and etiological characteristics in leading forms of acute enteric infections among the population of Kazakhstan is carried out. The age, social and professional factors in development of epidemic process and intestinal infections were observed. 425 tests of feces of persons of various age groups with intestines dysfunction were investigated. Seromonitoring among inhabitants of Almaty and Almaty area by erythrocyte diagnosticum with salmonelesis serogroups A, B, C, D, Е and rare (О-24). Dynamics in occurrence of salmonella antibodies during months of the year was studied.
- MeSH
- Fatal Outcome MeSH
- Horses MeSH
- Mycobacterium avium isolation & purification MeSH
- Horse Diseases microbiology MeSH
- Intestinal Diseases microbiology veterinary MeSH
- Tuberculosis microbiology veterinary MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Letter MeSH
- Case Reports MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
