The transient receptor potential ion channel TRPA1 is a Ca2+-permeable nonselective cation channel widely expressed in sensory neurons, but also in many nonneuronal tissues typically possessing barrier functions, such as the skin, joint synoviocytes, cornea, and the respiratory and intestinal tracts. Here, the primary role of TRPA1 is to detect potential danger stimuli that may threaten the tissue homeostasis and the health of the organism. The ability to directly recognize signals of different modalities, including chemical irritants, extreme temperatures, or osmotic changes resides in the characteristic properties of the ion channel protein complex. Recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy have provided an important framework for understanding the molecular basis of TRPA1 function and have suggested novel directions in the search for its pharmacological regulation. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge of human TRPA1 from a structural and functional perspective and discusses the complex allosteric mechanisms of activation and modulation that play important roles under physiological or pathophysiological conditions. In this context, major challenges for future research on TRPA1 are outlined.
- MeSH
- alosterická regulace MeSH
- elektronová kryomikroskopie metody MeSH
- kationtové kanály TRP metabolismus chemie fyziologie MeSH
- kationtový kanál TRPA1 * metabolismus chemie fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Tento systematický přehled shrnuje klinický obraz a existující znalosti o patofyziologii migrény v současnosti. V patofyziologii migrény hraje rozhodující úlohu aktivace trigeminovaskulárního systému a uvolnění calcitonin gene-related peptidu (CGRP), substance P a neurokininu A. Tyto mediátory vedou ke sterilnímu perivaskulárnímu neurogennímu zánětu na meningách. Pozornost je směřována zejména k CGRP, který se zdá být klíčovým mediátorem v patofyziologii migrény. Nejslibnějším novým přístupem v profylaktické léčbě jsou monoklonální protilátky schopné blokovat buď CGRP nebo jeho receptor, jako je erenumab, fremanezumab, galcanezumab a eptinezumab. V trigeminovaskulárním systému aktivace určitých subtypů TRP kanálů (Transient Receptor Potential channels), tzv. TRPV1 a TRPA1 je zodpovědná za uvolnění CGRP a dalších mediátorů z trigeminových nociceptivních neuronů. Profylaktické účinky botulotoxinu A na záchvaty migrény se vysvětlují rovněž ovlivněním TRPV1 a TRPA1 kanálů meningeálních nociceptorů. Nedávno se pozornost soustředila také na další slibnou molekulu, tzv. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Peptide – 38 (PACAP 38), který se zdál být zajímavou molekulou u migrény. Avšak profylaktický účinek monoklonálních protilátek proti tomuto peptidu nebyl potvrzen.
This systematic review summarizes the clinical manifestations and the existing knowledge about the pathophysiology of migraine. In the pathophysiology of migraine the activation of trigeminovascular system and the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P and neurokinin A plays the most important role. These mediators lead to the sterile perivascular neurogenic inflammation in meninges. The attention is targeted especially to the CGRP, which seems to be the key mediator in the pathophysiology of migraine. The most promising new approach in the prophylactic treatment are monoclonal antibodies able to block either CGRP or its receptor, such as erenumab, fremanezumab, galcanezumab, and eptinezumab. In trigeminovascular system activation of certain subtypes of TRP (transient receptor potential) channels, so called TRPV1 and TRPA1 is responsible for the release of CGRP and other mediators from trigeminal nociceptive neurons. The preventative effect of onabotulinumtoxin A on migraine attacks is explained by influence on TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels of meningeal nociceptors as well. The most promising new approach in the prophylactic treatment are monoclonal antibodies able to block either CGRP or its receptor, such as erenumab, fremanezumab, galcanezumab, and eptinezumab. Recently attention has focused on pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide – 38 (PACAP38), which seemed to be an interesting molecule in migraine. However preventative effect of monoclonal antibodies against this peptide was not confirmed.
- MeSH
- botulotoxiny typu A farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- kationtové kanály TRP fyziologie účinky léků MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- migréna * etiologie farmakoterapie patofyziologie MeSH
- monoklonální protilátky aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie jako téma MeSH
- receptory peptidu se vztahem ke genu kalcitoninu účinky léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are proposed to contribute to membrane depolarization and Ca2+ influx into vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells. Our aim was to study the effects of widely used broad-range TRP channel inhibitors--2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), flufenamic acid (FFA) and SKF-96365--on the contraction of freshly isolated small and large arteries. Endothelium-denuded resistance (≈250 µm) and conduit (≈1000 µm) femoral arteries were isolated from adult Wistar rats and mounted in wire myograph. The effects of the above mentioned TRP channel inhibitors and voltage-dependent calcium channel inhibitor nifedipine were studied on arterial contractions induced by phenylephrine, U-46619 or K+. Phenylephrine-induced contractions were also studied in the absence of extracellular Na+. mRNA expression of particular canonical and melastatin TRP channel subunits in femoral vascular bed was determined. TRP channel inhibitors attenuated K+-induced contraction less than nifedipine. Phenylephrine-induced contraction was more influenced by 2-APB in resistance arteries, while FFA completely prevented U-46619-induced contraction in both sizes of arteries. The absence of extracellular Na+ prevented the inhibitory effects of 2-APB, but not those of FFA. The observed effects of broad-range TRP channel inhibitors, which were dependent on the size of the artery, confirmed the involvement of TRP channels in agonist-induced contractions. The inhibitory effects of 2-APB (but not those of FFA or SKF-96365) were dependent on the presence of extracellular Na+.
- MeSH
- arteria femoralis účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- imidazoly farmakologie MeSH
- kationtové kanály TRP antagonisté a inhibitory fyziologie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- kyselina flufenamová farmakologie MeSH
- orgánové kultury - kultivační techniky MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- sloučeniny boru farmakologie MeSH
- svaly hladké cévní účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- vazokonstrikce účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- MeSH
- bolest * farmakoterapie patofyziologie MeSH
- iontové kanály * fyziologie MeSH
- kapsaicin farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- kationtové kanály TRP * fyziologie MeSH
- kationtové kanály TRPV fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nociceptory fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The transient receptor potential channel A1 (TRPA1) is unique among ion channels of higher vertebrates in that it harbors a large ankyrin repeat domain. The TRPA1 channel is expressed in the inner ear and in nociceptive neurons. It is involved in hearing as well as in the perception of pungent and irritant chemicals. The ankyrin repeat domain has special mechanical properties, which allows it to function as a soft spring that can be extended over a large range while maintaining structural integrity. A calcium-binding site has been experimentally identified within the ankyrin repeats. We built a model of the N-terminal 17 ankyrin repeat structure, including the calcium-binding EF-hand. In our simulations we find the calcium-bound state to be rigid as compared to the calcium-free state. While the end-to-end distance can change by almost 50% in the apo form, these fluctuations are strongly reduced by calcium binding. This increase in stiffness that constraints the end-to-end distance in the holo form is predicted to affect the force acting on the gate of the TRPA1 channel, thereby changing its open probability. Simulations of the transmembrane domain of TRPA1 show that residue N855, which has been associated with familial episodic pain syndrome, forms a strong link between the S4-S5 connecting helix and S1, thereby creating a direct force link between the N-terminus and the gate. The N855S mutation weakens this interaction, thereby reducing the communication between the N-terminus and the transmembrane part of TRPA1.
- MeSH
- ankyrinová repetice fyziologie MeSH
- kationtové kanály TRP chemie fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- molekulární modely MeSH
- motivy EF-ruky fyziologie MeSH
- proteiny nervové tkáně chemie fyziologie MeSH
- simulace molekulární dynamiky MeSH
- vápník metabolismus MeSH
- vápníkové kanály chemie fyziologie MeSH
- vazebná místa MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel is a Ca(2+)-permeable cation channel whose activation results from a complex synergy between distinct activation sites, one of which is especially important for determining its sensitivity to chemical, voltage and cold stimuli. From the cytoplasmic side, TRPA1 is critically regulated by Ca(2+) ions, and this mechanism represents a self-modulating feedback loop that first augments and then inhibits the initial activation. We investigated the contribution of the cluster of acidic residues in the distal C terminus of TRPA1 in these processes using mutagenesis, whole cell electrophysiology, and molecular dynamics simulations and found that the neutralization of four conserved residues, namely Glu(1077) and Asp(1080)-Asp(1082) in human TRPA1, had strong effects on the Ca(2+)- and voltage-dependent potentiation and/or inactivation of agonist-induced responses. The surprising finding was that truncation of the C terminus by only 20 residues selectively slowed down the Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation 2.9-fold without affecting other functional parameters. Our findings identify the conserved acidic motif in the C terminus that is actively involved in TRPA1 regulation by Ca(2+).
- MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- kationtové kanály TRP chemie metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- proteiny nervové tkáně chemie metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
- sekvenční homologie aminokyselin MeSH
- simulace molekulární dynamiky MeSH
- vápník metabolismus MeSH
- vápníkové kanály chemie metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Ankyrinový receptor typu 1 (TRPAl) je iontový kanál, jehož funkce se uplatňuje v přenosu bolestivých podnětů na primárních nociceptivních neuronech. Tento z nichž mnohé zprostředkovávají senzorické vjemy přicházející z okolního prostředí: algogenní, pálivé nebo chladivé látky nacházející se v různých rostlinách, bolestivé teplo nebo chlad. TRPAl kanál lze aktivovat řadou dráždivých látek, organosulfátů, obsažených v hořčici, křenu, česneku nebo cibuli, dráždivými aldehydy nacházejícími se ve výfukových a slzných plynech nebo v cigaretovém kouři. Tento iontový kanál je ale také )římo aktivován chladem, mediatory zánětu, endogenními produkty oxidativního stresu a překvapivě i psychoaktivními látkami, jako jsou fytokanabinoidy. Cílem tohoto příspěvku je informovat o současných poznatcích týkajících se strukturálních, funkčních a farmakologických vlastností TRPAl receptoru, zejména z hlediska možného fyziologického významu a případných souvislostí s periferními mechanizmy nocicepce, které byly v uplynulých letech studovány na oddělení buněčné neurofyziologie Fyziologického ústavu AV CR, v.v.i. (http.7/www2.biomed.cas. cz/d331/index.htm).
The ankyrin transient receptor potential subtype 1 (TRPA1) is an ion channel that is highly expressed in primary sensory neuron s with noci- ceptive properties. This channel belongs to a diverse collection of membrane proteins: transient receptor potential (TRP) chann el superfamily, some members of which mediate a variety of sensory qualities that are clearly related to pain: stinging, pricking, warmth, burn ing or cold. The TRPA1 channel can be activated by some organosulfur compounds contained in mustard oil, horse radish or garlic, environmental i rritants contained in air polution, cigarette smoke or tear gas, by cold, inflammatory mediators and, interestingly, also by some psycho active drugs such as phytocannabinoids. The purpose of this article is to give an overview of the pharmacological, structural and functional prop erties of the TRPA1 receptor with a focus on its potential physiological role in peripheral mechanisms of nociception that have been studied at the Department of Cellular Neurophysiology of the Institute of Physiology AS CR, v.v.i. (http://www2.biomed.cas.cz/d331/index_eng.htm).
- Klíčová slova
- ankyrinový receptor, chlad, termo-TRP receptory, ganglia zadních kořenů míšních, senzorická transdukce,
- MeSH
- bolest MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- gating iontového kanálu fyziologie MeSH
- hyperalgezie metabolismus MeSH
- kanabinoidy farmakologie metabolismus MeSH
- kationtové kanály TRP agonisté antagonisté a inhibitory fyziologie MeSH
- modely u zvířat MeSH
- neurony metabolismus MeSH
- nocicepce MeSH
- nociceptory fyziologie metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- psychotropní léky farmakologie metabolismus MeSH
The past decade has seen a progressive unraveling of the molecular identities of receptors implicated in transduction of painful stimuli. Among the line-up of important ion channels involved in peripheral pain pathways, the family of the transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels has attracted considerable attention and research work as a target class for drug discovery. One of these channels, the ankyrin transient receptor potential TRPA1, which expression is restricted to nociceptive neurons of peripheral ganglia, can be activated by isothiocyanates, pungent products from mustard oil and horse radish, phytocannabinoids, nicotin, environmental irritants contained in air polution, cigarette smoke and tear gas, but also by inflammatory mediators and endogenous products of oxidative stress. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the pharmacological, structural and functional properties of the TRPA1 channel in mammalian sensory system and to summarize recent evidence regarding its key properties that can be exploited for potential therapeutic advantage.
- Klíčová slova
- ankyrinový receptor, chlad, enzorická transdukce,
- MeSH
- ankyriny fyziologie genetika MeSH
- bolest MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- hyperalgezie etiologie farmakoterapie MeSH
- kationtové kanály TRP fyziologie chemie MeSH
- nocicepce MeSH
- nociceptory fyziologie účinky léků MeSH
- receptory Notch fyziologie chemie metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- MeSH
- bolest MeSH
- buňky zadních rohů míšních fyziologie MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- hyperalgezie chemicky indukované MeSH
- kapsaicin farmakokinetika farmakologie MeSH
- kationtové kanály TRP fyziologie MeSH
- kationtové kanály TRPV fyziologie MeSH
- nociceptory MeSH
- termoreceptory MeSH
- změny tělesné teploty MeSH