In the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam, small-scale chicken farming is common. However, high levels of disease or mortality in such flocks impair economic development and challenge the livelihoods of many rural households. We investigated 61 diseased small-scale flocks (122 chickens) for evidence of infection with 5 bacteria, 4 viruses, and helminths. Serological profiles (ELISA) were also determined against 6 of these pathogens. The aims of this study were the following: (1) to investigate the prevalence of different pathogens and to compare the probability of detection of bacterial pathogens using PCR and culture; (2) to investigate the relationship between detection of organisms in birds' tissues and the observed morbidity and mortality, as well as their antibody profile; and (3) to characterize risk factors for infection with specific viral or bacterial pathogens. We used PCR to test for viral (viruses causing infectious bronchitis [IB], highly pathogenic avian influenza [HPAI], Newcastle disease, and infectious bursal disease [IBD]) and bacterial pathogens (Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Pasteurella multocida, Avibacterium paragallinarum, and Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale [ORT]). The latter two were also investigated in respiratory tissues by conventional culture. Colisepticemic Escherichia coli was investigated by liver or spleen culture. In 49 of 61 (80.3%) flocks, at least one bacterial or viral pathogen was detected, and in 29 (47.5%) flocks, more than one pathogen was detected. A. paragallinarum was detected in 62.3% flocks, followed by M. gallisepticum (26.2%), viruses causing IBD (24.6%) and IB (21.3%), septicemic E. coli (14.8%), ORT (13.1%), and HPAI viruses (4.9%). Of all flocks, 67.2% flocks were colonized by helminths. Mortality was highest among flocks infected with HPAI (100%, interquartile range [IQR]: 81.6-100%) and lowest with flocks infected with ORT (5.3%, IQR: 1.1-9.0%). The results indicated slight agreement (kappa ≤ 0.167) between detection by PCR and culture for both A. paragallinarum and ORT, as well as between the presence of cestodes and ORT infection (kappa = 0.317). Control of A. paragallinarum, viruses causing HPAI, IBD, and IB, M. gallisepticum, and gastrointestinal helminths should be a priority in small-scale flocks.

• MeSH
• bakteriální infekce epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• kur domácí * MeSH
• morbidita MeSH
• mortalita MeSH
• nemoci drůbeže epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   parazitologie   virologie   MeSH
• parazitární nemoci u zvířat epidemiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce veterinární   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• tvorba protilátek MeSH
• virové nemoci epidemiologie   veterinární   virologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Vietnam MeSH

The western honeybee is the primary pollinator of numerous food crops. Furthermore, honeybees are essential for ecosystem stability by sustaining the diversity and abundance of wild flowering plants. However, the worldwide population of honeybees is under pressure from environmental stress and pathogens. Viruses from the families Iflaviridae and Dicistroviridae, together with their vector, the parasitic mite Varroa destructor, are the major threat to the world's honeybees. Dicistroviruses and iflaviruses have capsids with icosahedral symmetries. Acidic pH triggers the genome release of both dicistroviruses and iflaviruses. The capsids of iflaviruses expand, whereas those of dicistroviruses remain compact until the genome release. Furthermore, dicistroviruses use inner capsid proteins, whereas iflaviruses employ protruding domains or minor capsid proteins from the virion surface to penetrate membranes and deliver their genomes into the cell cytoplasm. The structural characterization of the infection process opens up possibilities for the development of antiviral compounds.

• MeSH
• genom virový * MeSH
• kapsida chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• konformace proteinů MeSH
• krystalografie rentgenová MeSH
• kyseliny MeSH
• molekulární modely MeSH
• RNA-viry metabolismus   MeSH
• včely virologie   MeSH
• virion chemie   genetika   MeSH
• virové nemoci veterinární   MeSH
• virové plášťové proteiny chemie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

We tested sera of 24 free-ranging European brown bears ( Ursus arctos) from six regions of Slovakia for antibodies to 10 viral agents. We tested sera by an indirect fluorescence antibody test for antibodies to canine distemper virus (CDV), canine coronavirus (CCV), canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), canine adenovirus, canine parainfluenza virus type 2 (CPIV-2), and canine herpesvirus type 1 (CHV-1). We used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to hepatitis E virus, bluetongue virus, West Nile virus (WNV), and Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV). We detected antibodies to CDV, CHV-1, CPV-2, CPIV-2, CCV, WNV, and ADV in seven (29%), three (12%), two (8%), two (8%), one (4%), one (4%), and one (4%) bear, respectively. Evidence of exposure of free-ranging European brown bears to CCV and ADV has not been reported.

• MeSH
• medvědovití virologie   MeSH
• protilátky virové krev   MeSH
• séroepidemiologické studie MeSH
• virové nemoci krev   epidemiologie   veterinární   virologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika MeSH

• MeSH
• Varroidae patogenita   MeSH
• včely * virologie   MeSH
• virové nemoci * diagnóza   epidemiologie   etiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• viry hmyzu klasifikace   MeSH
• zdravotní stav populace MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Rodents are distributed throughout the world and interact with humans in many ways. They provide vital ecosystem services, some species are useful models in biomedical research and some are held as pet animals. However, many rodent species can have adverse effects such as damage to crops and stored produce, and they are of health concern because of the transmission of pathogens to humans and livestock. The first rodent viruses were discovered by isolation approaches and resulted in break-through knowledge in immunology, molecular and cell biology, and cancer research. In addition to rodent-specific viruses, rodent-borne viruses are causing a large number of zoonotic diseases. Most prominent examples are reemerging outbreaks of human hemorrhagic fever disease cases caused by arena- and hantaviruses. In addition, rodents are reservoirs for vector-borne pathogens, such as tick-borne encephalitis virus and Borrelia spp., and may carry human pathogenic agents, but likely are not involved in their transmission to human. In our days, next-generation sequencing or high-throughput sequencing (HTS) is revolutionizing the speed of the discovery of novel viruses, but other molecular approaches, such as generic RT-PCR/PCR and rolling circle amplification techniques, contribute significantly to the rapidly ongoing process. However, the current knowledge still represents only the tip of the iceberg, when comparing the known human viruses to those known for rodents, the mammalian taxon with the largest species number. The diagnostic potential of HTS-based metagenomic approaches is illustrated by their use in the discovery and complete genome determination of novel borna- and adenoviruses as causative disease agents in squirrels. In conclusion, HTS, in combination with conventional RT-PCR/PCR-based approaches, resulted in a drastically increased knowledge of the diversity of rodent viruses. Future improvements of the used workflows, including bioinformatics analysis, will further enhance our knowledge and preparedness in case of the emergence of novel viruses. Classical virological and additional molecular approaches are needed for genome annotation and functional characterization of novel viruses, discovered by these technologies, and evaluation of their zoonotic potential.

• MeSH
• diagnostické techniky molekulární metody   MeSH
• hlodavci virologie   MeSH
• metagenomika metody   MeSH
• techniky amplifikace nukleových kyselin metody   MeSH
• virové nemoci epidemiologie   veterinární   virologie   MeSH
• viry klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• vysoce účinné nukleotidové sekvenování metody   MeSH
• zoonózy epidemiologie   virologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Iridescent (IVs, family Iridoviridae, genus Iridovirus) and cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses (CPVs; family Reoviridae, genus Cypovirus) are well known in insects, with thirteen IV species recognized from various orders, and sixteen CPV species known from lepidopterans. In 1975, an IV and CPV were reported in the daphnid, Simocehpalus expinosus, in Florida, but other reported daphnid virus infections seem to be rare. Here we report infected daphnids from woodland and carp ponds in the Czech Republic, Daphnia curvirostris with an IV, and D. pulex and D. ambigua, with CPVs. This suggests these viruses are more common in daphnids, the rarity of reports due to few surveys.

• MeSH
• Daphnia virologie   MeSH
• Iridovirus MeSH
• mikroskopie atomárních sil MeSH
• Reoviridae MeSH
• transmisní elektronová mikroskopie MeSH
• virové nemoci veterinární   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

• MeSH
• veterinární lékařství MeSH
• virové nemoci veterinární   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• monografie MeSH

• Konspekt
• Virologie
• NLK Obory
• virologie
• mikrobiologie, lékařská mikrobiologie
• veterinární lékařství

The number of mosquito-borne viruses ('moboviruses') occurring in Europe since the twentieth century now stands at ten; they belong to three families-Togaviridae (Sindbis, Chikungunya), Flaviviridae (West Nile, Usutu, Dengue), and Bunyaviridae (Batai, Tahyna, Snowshoe hare, Inkoo, Lednice). Several of them play a definite role in human or animal pathology (Sindbis, Chikungunya, Dengue, West Nile, Tahyna). Mobovirus outbreaks are strictly determined by the presence and/or import of particular competent vectors of the disease. Ecological variables affect moboviruses considerably; the main factors are population density of mosquito vectors and their vertebrate hosts, intense summer precipitations or floods, summer temperatures and drought, and presence of appropriate habitats, e.g., wetlands, small water pools, or intravillan sewage systems. A surveillance for moboviruses and the diseases they cause in Europe is recommendable, because the cases may often pass unnoticed or misdiagnosed not only in free-living vertebrates but also in domestic animals and even in humans.

• MeSH
• Bunyaviridae izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Culicidae virologie   MeSH
• epidemický výskyt choroby MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• Flaviviridae izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• hospodářská zvířata MeSH
• hustota populace MeSH
• infekce přenášené vektorem MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• podnebí MeSH
• Togaviridae izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• virové nemoci epidemiologie   přenos   veterinární   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

• MeSH
• bakteriální infekce veterinární   MeSH
• dezinficiencia aplikace a dávkování   klasifikace   normy   MeSH
• nemoci zvířat MeSH
• virové nemoci veterinární   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH

• MeSH
• aglutinační testy MeSH
• bakteriální infekce epidemiologie   imunologie   veterinární   MeSH
• divoká zvířata MeSH
• virové nemoci epidemiologie   imunologie   veterinární   MeSH
• zoonózy MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH