Lysozyme is a widely distributed antimicrobial protein having specificity for cleaving the beta-(1,4)-glycosidic bond between N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) of peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell walls and thus efficiently contributes to protection against infections caused mainly by Gram-positive bacteria. In the present study, we assembled a full-length cDNA of a novel invertebrate-type lysozyme from Eisenia andrei earthworm (EALys) by RT-PCR and RACE system. The primary structure of EALys shares high homology with other invertebrate lysozymes; however the highest, 72% identity, was shown for the destabilase I isolated from medicinal leech. Recombinant EALys expressed in Escherichia coli exhibited the lysozyme and isopeptidase activity. Moreover, real-time PCR revealed increased levels of lysozyme mRNA in coelomocytes of E. andrei after the challenge with both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
- MeSH
- Bacillus subtilis imunologie patogenita MeSH
- bakteriální adheze MeSH
- chitinasy metabolismus MeSH
- Echinodermata genetika MeSH
- endopeptidasy metabolismus MeSH
- Escherichia coli genetika imunologie patogenita MeSH
- glukosamin analogy a deriváty imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- grampozitivní bakteriální infekce imunologie MeSH
- hydrolýza MeSH
- infekce vyvolané Escherichia coli imunologie MeSH
- interakce hostitele a patogenu MeSH
- klonování DNA MeSH
- kyseliny muramové imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- lyasy štěpící vazby C-N metabolismus MeSH
- muramidasa genetika imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- Oligochaeta enzymologie genetika imunologie MeSH
- pijavka lékařská genetika MeSH
- sekvenční homologie MeSH
- virulence MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
This review summarizes recent knowledge on the efficacy of glucosamine (GS) and/or chondroitin sulfate (CS) in the therapy of mild to moderate osteoarthritis (OA). OA, the most common joint disease is a significant source of disability, quality of life impairment and a considerable burden to any health care system. In the Czech Republic, glucosamine sulfate (GS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) are available both as prescription drugs and as food supplements. Based on available data both are useful in the earlier stages of OA when combined with other modalities such as weight loss and exercises. They appear to relieve pain and improve range of the joint motion. In addition, they also display mild anti-inflammatory effects. However, controversy still exists over their ability to change significantly the natural history of the osteoarthritic joint. This effect is not easy to demonstrate for any other treatment modalities apart from joint replacement. Monitoring the cure efficacy by X-ray has been recently criticised and hence future techniques are anticipated for this reason. Further, long-term oral administration is required to obtain slightly increased levels of GS and/or CS in human blood. Both reviewed saccharides are well tolerated with negligible adverse reactions. In conclusion, the authors suggest that GS and CS should be classified as food supplements only.
- MeSH
- chondroitin sulfáty chemie metabolismus terapeutické užití MeSH
- glukosamin chemie metabolismus terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- osteoartróza farmakoterapie metabolismus MeSH
- potravní doplňky MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
