Wilson disease (WD) primarily presents with hepatic and neurological symptoms. While hepatic symptoms typically precede the neurological manifestations, copper accumulates in the brain already in this patient group and leads to subclinical brain MRI abnormalities including T2 hyperintensities and atrophy. This study aimed to assess brain morphological changes in mild hepatic WD. WD patients without a history of neurologic symptoms and decompensated cirrhosis and control participants underwent brain MRI at 3T scanner including high-resolution T1-weighted images. A volumetric evaluation was conducted on the following brain regions: nucleus accumbens, caudate, pallidum, putamen, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, midbrain, pons, cerebellar gray matter, white matter (WM), and superior peduncle, using Freesurfer v7 software. Whole-brain analyses using voxel- and surface-based morphometry were performed using SPM12. Statistical comparisons utilized a general linear model adjusted for total intracranial volume, age, and sex. Twenty-six WD patients with mild hepatic form (30 ± 9 years [mean age ± SD]); 11 women; mean treatment duration 13 ± 12 (range 0-42) years and 28 healthy controls (33 ± 9 years; 15 women) were evaluated. Volumetric analysis revealed a significantly smaller pons volume and a trend for smaller midbrain and cerebellar WM in WD patients compared to controls. Whole-brain analysis revealed regions of reduced volume in the pons, cerebellar, and lobar WM in the WD group. No significant differences in gray matter density or cortical thickness were found. Myelin or WM in general seems vulnerable to low-level copper toxicity, with WM volume loss showing promise as a marker for assessing brain involvement in early WD stages.
- MeSH
- bílá hmota patologie diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hepatolentikulární degenerace * patologie diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- játra patologie diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie * MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mozek * patologie diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- šedá hmota patologie diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- MeSH
- diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
- familiární adenomatózní polypóza chirurgie diagnostické zobrazování komplikace patofyziologie MeSH
- Gardnerův syndrom klasifikace MeSH
- glukokortikoidy škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- hepatolentikulární degenerace klasifikace komplikace patofyziologie patologie MeSH
- idiopatické střevní záněty komplikace patofyziologie patologie terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci orbity etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- nemoci rohovky MeSH
- oční symptomy * MeSH
- přední segment oční patofyziologie patologie MeSH
- retinální vaskulitida farmakoterapie patofyziologie patologie MeSH
- TNF-alfa antagonisté a inhibitory škodlivé účinky MeSH
- zadní segment oční patofyziologie patologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Background Abnormal findings at brain MRI in patients with neurologic Wilson disease (WD) are characterized by signal intensity changes and cerebral atrophy. T2 signal hypointensities and atrophy are largely irreversible with treatment; their relationship with permanent disability has not been systematically investigated. Purpose To investigate associations of regional brain atrophy and iron accumulation at MRI with clinical severity in participants with neurologic WD who are undergoing long-term anti-copper treatment. Materials and Methods Participants with WD and controls were compared in a prospective study performed from 2015 to 2019. MRI at 3.0 T included three-dimensional T1-weighted and six-echo multigradient-echo pulse sequences for morphometry and quantitative susceptibility mapping, respectively. Neurologic severity was assessed with the Unified WD Rating Scale (UWDRS). Automated multi-atlas segmentation pipeline with dual contrast (susceptibility and T1) was used for the calculation of volumes and mean susceptibilities in deep gray matter nuclei. Additionally, whole-brain analysis using deformation and surface-based morphometry was performed. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression was used to assess the association of regional volumes and susceptibilities with the UWDRS score. Results Twenty-nine participants with WD (mean age, 47 years ± 9 [standard deviation]; 15 women) and 26 controls (mean age, 45 years ± 12; 14 women) were evaluated. Whole-brain analysis demonstrated atrophy of the deep gray matter nuclei, brainstem, internal capsule, motor cortex and corticospinal pathway, and visual cortex and optic radiation in participants with WD (P < .05 at voxel level, corrected for family-wise error). The UWDRS score was negatively correlated with volumes of putamen (r = -0.63, P < .001), red nucleus (r = -0.58, P = .001), globus pallidus (r = -0.53, P = .003), and substantia nigra (r = -0.50, P = .006) but not with susceptibilities. Only the putaminal volume was identified as a stable factor associated with the UWDRS score (R2 = 0.38, P < .001) using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression. Conclusion Individuals with Wilson disease (WD) had widespread brain atrophy most pronounced in the central structures. The putaminal volume was associated with the Unified WD Rating Scale score and can be used as a surrogate imaging marker of clinical severity. © RSNA, 2021 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Du and Bydder in this issue.
- MeSH
- atrofie MeSH
- hepatolentikulární degenerace diagnostické zobrazování farmakoterapie metabolismus patologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody MeSH
- mozek diagnostické zobrazování metabolismus patologie MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
- železo metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- MeSH
- chelátová terapie MeSH
- hepatolentikulární degenerace * diagnostické zobrazování farmakoterapie patologie MeSH
- látky ovlivňující centrální nervový systém aplikace a dávkování klasifikace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- mozek diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- penicilamin aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
BACKGROUNDS: This study aims to characterize eye movement abnormalities in Wilson disease and examine their association with the degree of brainstem atrophy. METHODS: Twenty patients (10 males, mean age 46.8, SD 8.9 years) with genetically confirmed neurological WD on stable anti-copper treatment and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects were examined. Eye movements, including prosaccade and antisaccade tasks, were evaluated using infrared videooculography. MRI was performed using 1.5 T system, and T2-weighted images were used for the measurement of midbrain and pontine area on mid-sagittal slices. Clinical severity was assessed using the Unified Wilson's Disease Rating Scale (UWDRS). RESULTS: Compared to healthy controls, WD patients showed prolonged latencies of horizontal prosaccades and hypometry of both horizontal (p = 0.04) and vertical (p = 0.0046) prosaccades. In the antisaccade task, WD patients showed prolonged latency of both horizontal (p = 0.04) and vertical antisaccades (p = 0.047) and increased error rate of vertical antisaccades (p = 0.04). There is a significant association between midbrain area and horizontal latencies (r = -0.53; p = 0.02) and vertical maximum speed in prosaccades (r = 0.47; p = 0.04). The pons area inversely correlated with horizontal prosaccade and antisaccade latencies (p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: We showed impairments of ocular saccades such as prolonged latencies, hypometry, and increased error rate in antisaccades. The strong association between prolonged latencies of prosaccades and the brainstem atrophy suggests that VOG might serve as a sensitive electrophysiological marker of brainstem dysfunction in WD.
- MeSH
- atrofie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hepatolentikulární degenerace komplikace patologie patofyziologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- měření pohybů očí MeSH
- mozkový kmen diagnostické zobrazování patologie patofyziologie MeSH
- poruchy hybnosti oka komplikace patologie patofyziologie MeSH
- sakadické oční pohyby fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Wilson disease (WD) is an inherited disorder of hepatic copper metabolism with considerable variation in clinical presentations, the most common ones being liver disease and neuropsychiatric disturbances. This study investigated the clinical presentation in relation to mutations in a large cohort of patients with WD. A total of 1,357 patients (702 children, 655 adults; 1,172 index patients, 185 siblings, all with a Leipzig score ≥4, male/female: 679/678) were studied. The age and the symptoms at presentation were used as key phenotypic markers. Index patients were clinically classified as having either hepatic (n = 711) or neurologic disease (n = 461). Seven hundred fifteen (52.7%) patients had a liver biopsy at diagnosis. DNA was sequenced by the Genetic Analyzers ABI Prism 310 (Perkin Elmer) or 3500 (Applied Biosystems). Three hundred ninety-four different mutation combinations were detected. The most frequent mutation was H1069Q (c.3207C>A; allele frequency: 46.9%), followed by P767P-fs (c.2304dupC; 2.85%), P1134P-fs (c.3402delC; 2.8%), and R969Q (c.2755C>T; 2.18%). There was no correlation between mutations and individual clinical manifestation. There was a gender effect in index patients: Hepatic presentation was more common in females (male/female: 328/383) and neurologic presentation in males (259/202; P < 0.001). At diagnosis, 39.5% of children/adolescents (≤18 years) and 58% of adults already had cirrhosis. The presence of cirrhosis did not correlate with the genotype. Conclusion: These findings refine and extend our understanding of the natural history and individual spectrum/manifestations of WD. Initially, there is asymptomatic hepatic involvement, which may progress and become symptomatic. Neurologic symptoms present many years later.
- MeSH
- ATPázy transportující měď genetika MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- hepatolentikulární degenerace genetika patologie MeSH
- játra patologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mutační analýza DNA MeSH
- registrace * MeSH
- sexuální faktory MeSH
- věk při počátku nemoci MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Játra a ledviny jsou metabolicky nejvýznamnější orgány v těle, které se významně podílejí na vyrovnaném bílkovinném, sacharidovém, tukovém a energetickém metabolizmu, minerálové a vodní bilanci a hormonálních aktivitách. Mohou být současně postiženy onemocněním různé etiologie, nejčastější jsou příčiny imunitní, hereditární, infekční, v těhotenství, oběhové či polékové anebo závažné poškození jednoho z orgánů vede k následnému postižení orgánu druhého. Selhání funkce jater při cirhóze vede k akutnímu prerenálnímu poškození ledvin, tedy k rozvoji hepatorenálního syndromu. Jeho průběh závisí na stupni jaterního selhání. Při typu I je progrese rychlá a prognóza závažná, zatímco u typu II je průběh pozvolný. Primární onemocnění ledvin může být spojeno se sekundárním poškozením jater při podávání léků vylučovaných primárně jaterní exkrecí, např. poškození antibiotiky. Pro nejzávažnější pacienty se selháním funkce jater a také ledvin byla vypracována skórovací hodnocení (MELD, Child-Pugh či King´s College), která určují prioritu zařazení do čekací listiny k transplantaci jater, event. i ke kombinované transplantaci jater a ledvin.
Kidney and liver are the most metabolically active solid organs in the human body, helping to maintain a balanced protein, carbohydrate, lipid and energy metabolism and contributing to mineral and water stability and hormonal activities. They can be simultaneously damaged by diseases of different aetiology, most frequently of immunologic, hereditary, infectious origin, or related to pregnancy, circulation and use of medical drugs; or a serious damage of one organ can be followed by subsequent damage of the other one. Liver failure in cirrhosis leads to acute kidney injury of prerenal aetiology, i.e. to the development of the hepatorenal syndrome. Its prognosis depends on the degree of liver damage. In type I hepatorenal syndrome, there is a rapid progression and worse prognosis as compared to type II. The primary renal illness can be followed by secondary liver damage due to toxic effect on liver tissue by hepatic clearance of drugs, e. g. antibiotics. Evaluation scores (MELD, Child-Pugh or King´s College) have been developed for the most seriously ill patients with liver failure and kidney failure, allowing to enrol patients on priority positions in the waiting lists for liver or combined liver and kidney transplantation.
- MeSH
- cystická fibróza diagnóza patologie MeSH
- deficit alfa1-antitrypsinu diagnóza patologie MeSH
- hepatolentikulární degenerace diagnóza etiologie patologie MeSH
- hepatorenální syndrom * diagnóza etiologie patologie MeSH
- komplikace těhotenství MeSH
- leptospiróza diagnóza etiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci jater diagnóza klasifikace MeSH
- nemoci ledvin diagnóza klasifikace MeSH
- renální insuficience etiologie chemicky indukované patologie MeSH
- renální kortikální nekróza MeSH
- selhání jater etiologie chemicky indukované patologie MeSH
- transplantace jater MeSH
- transplantace ledvin MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
AIMS: In Wilson disease (WD), T2/T2*-weighted (T2*w) MRI frequently shows hypointensity in the basal ganglia that is suggestive of paramagnetic deposits. It is currently unknown whether this hypointensity is related to copper or iron deposition. We examined the neuropathological correlates of this MRI pattern, particularly in relation to iron and copper concentrations. METHODS: Brain slices from nine WD and six control cases were investigated using a 7T-MRI system. High-resolution T2*w images were acquired and R2* parametric maps were reconstructed using a multigradient recalled echo sequence. R2* was measured in the globus pallidus (GP) and the putamen. Corresponding histopathological sections containing the lentiform nucleus were examined using Turnbull iron staining, and double staining combining Turnbull with immunohistochemistry for macrophages or astrocytes. Quantitative densitometry of the iron staining as well as copper and iron concentrations were measured in the GP and putamen and correlated with R2* values. RESULTS: T2*w hypointensity in the GP and/or putamen was apparent in WD cases and R2* values correlated with quantitative densitometry of iron staining. In WD, iron and copper concentrations were increased in the putamen compared to controls. R2* was correlated with the iron concentration in the GP and putamen, whereas no correlation was observed for the copper concentration. Patients with more pronounced pathological severity in the putamen displayed increased iron concentration, which correlated with an elevated number of iron-containing macrophages. CONCLUSIONS: T2/T2*w hypointensity observed in vivo in the basal ganglia of WD patients is related to iron rather than copper deposits.
- MeSH
- astrocyty MeSH
- bazální ganglia diagnostické zobrazování metabolismus patologie MeSH
- corpus striatum metabolismus patologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hepatolentikulární degenerace diagnostické zobrazování metabolismus patologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- makrofágy MeSH
- měď metabolismus MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- železo metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- akutní cholecystitida farmakoterapie patologie MeSH
- alkoholické nemoci jater farmakoterapie patologie MeSH
- autoimunitní hepatitida farmakoterapie patologie MeSH
- biliární cirhóza farmakoterapie patologie MeSH
- cholangitida farmakoterapie parazitologie patologie MeSH
- cholelitiáza farmakoterapie patologie MeSH
- dyskineze žlučových cest farmakoterapie MeSH
- extrahepatální cholestáza farmakoterapie patologie MeSH
- hemochromatóza farmakoterapie vrozené MeSH
- hepatolentikulární degenerace farmakoterapie patologie MeSH
- lékové postižení jater MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci jater farmakoterapie MeSH
- nemoci žlučových cest farmakoterapie MeSH
- sklerozující cholangitida farmakoterapie patologie MeSH
- ztučnělá játra farmakoterapie patologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH