The beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii causes major yield losses in sugar beet. Understanding the interaction between H. schachtii and its host plant is important for developing a sustainable management system. Nematode effectors play a crucial role in initializing and sustaining successful parasitism. In our study, we identified a gene (Hs-Tyr) encoding a tyrosinase functional domain (PF00264). We describe Hs-Tyr as a novel nematode effector. Hs-Tyr is localized in the nematode esophageal gland. Up-regulation of its expression coincided with the parasitic developmental stages of the nematode. Silencing Hs-Tyr by RNA interference made the treated nematodes less virulent. When RNAi-treated nematodes succeeded in infecting the plant, developing females and their associated syncytial nurse cells were significantly smaller than in control plants. Ectopically expressing the Hs-Tyr effector in Arabidopsis increased plant susceptibility to H. schachtii, but not to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Interestingly, Hs-Tyr in the plant promoted plant growth and changed the root architecture. Additionally, the expression of Hs-Tyr in Arabidopsis caused changes in the homeostasis of several plant hormones especially auxin and the ethylene precursor aminocyclopropane-carboxylic acid.
- MeSH
- Arabidopsis metabolismus parazitologie MeSH
- ezofágus metabolismus MeSH
- hlístice metabolismus patogenita MeSH
- interakce hostitele a parazita * MeSH
- proteiny červů genetika metabolismus MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- tyrosinasa genetika metabolismus MeSH
- virulence MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Small subunit rRNA sequences were obtained from 38 representatives mainly of the nematode orders Spirurida (Camallanidae, Cystidicolidae, Daniconematidae, Philometridae, Physalopteridae, Rhabdochonidae, Skrjabillanidae) and, in part, Ascaridida (Anisakidae, Cucullanidae, Quimperiidae). The examined nematodes are predominantly parasites of fishes. Their analyses provided well-supported trees allowing the study of phylogenetic relationships among some spirurine nematodes. The present results support the placement of Cucullanidae at the base of the suborder Spirurina and, based on the position of the genus Philonema (subfamily Philoneminae) forming a sister group to Skrjabillanidae (thus Philoneminae should be elevated to Philonemidae), the paraphyly of the Philometridae. Comparison of a large number of sequences of representatives of the latter family supports the paraphyly of the genera Philometra, Philometroides and Dentiphilometra. The validity of the newly included genera Afrophilometra and Caranginema is not supported. These results indicate geographical isolation has not been the cause of speciation in this parasite group and no coevolution with fish hosts is apparent. On the contrary, the group of South-American species of Alinema, Nilonema and Rumai is placed in an independent branch, thus markedly separated from other family members. Molecular data indicate that the skrjabillanid subfamily Esocineminae (represented by Esocinema bohemicum) should be either elevated to the rank of an independent family or Daniconematidae (Mexiconema africanum) should be decreased to Daniconematinae and transferred to the family Skrjabillanidae. Camallanid genera Camallanus and Procamallanus, as well as the subgenera Procamallanus and Spirocamallanus are confirmed to be paraphyletic. Paraphyly has also been found within Filarioidea, Habronematoidea and Thelazioidea and in Cystidicolidae, Physalopteridae and Thelaziidae. The results of the analyses also show that Neoascarophis, Spinitectus and Rhabdochona are monophyletic, in contrast to the paraphyletic genus Ascarophis. They further confirm the independence of two subgenera, Rhabdochona and Globochona, in the genus Rhabdochona. The necessity of further studies of fish-parasitizing representatives of additional nematode families not yet studied by molecular methods, such as Guyanemidae, Lucionematidae or Tetanonematidae, is underscored.
- MeSH
- DNA helmintů genetika chemie MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- hlístice genetika klasifikace patogenita MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- nematodózy parazitologie veterinární MeSH
- nemoci ryb parazitologie MeSH
- ribozomální DNA genetika chemie MeSH
- ryby MeSH
- sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA veterinární MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
Living and freeze-killed natural and laboratory hosts, with different susceptibility to entomopathogenic nematodes, were exposed to the larvae of Steinernema affine and Steinernema kraussei in two different experimental arenas (Eppendorf tubes, Petri dishes), and the success of the colonisation and eventual progeny production were observed. Both nematodes were able to colonise both living and dead larvae of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) and adult Blatella germanica (Blattodea) even though the progeny production in dead hosts was lower on average. Living carabid beetles, Poecilus cupreus, and elaterid larvae (Coleoptera) were resistant to the infection, however, both nematodes were able to colonise and multiply in several dead P. cupreus and in a majority of dead elaterid larvae. By scavenging, EPNs can utilise cadavers of insects that are naturally resistant to EPN infection, and so broaden their host range.
- MeSH
- hlístice patogenita MeSH
- interakce hostitele a parazita fyziologie MeSH
- Lepidoptera parazitologie MeSH
- nematodózy parazitologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- Cestoda patogenita růst a vývoj účinky léků MeSH
- hlístice patogenita růst a vývoj účinky léků MeSH
- interakce hostitele a parazita imunologie účinky léků MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- parazitární nemoci epidemiologie klasifikace přenos MeSH
- Trematoda patogenita růst a vývoj účinky léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- MeSH
- Camallanina izolace a purifikace klasifikace patogenita MeSH
- hlístice klasifikace patogenita MeSH
- nemoci ryb diagnóza parazitologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Nová Kaledonie MeSH
- MeSH
- Anguilliformes parazitologie MeSH
- Cyprinidae parazitologie MeSH
- hlístice patogenita růst a vývoj MeSH
- interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
- nematodózy MeSH
- stadia vývoje MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- MeSH
- Chiroptera parazitologie MeSH
- hlístice patogenita MeSH
- žaludek parazitologie patologie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Španělsko MeSH
