Microbial entomopathogens that include fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes have long been valued for their role in biological control of insect pests. However, recent research highlights their expanded applications beyond pest management. Entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium spp. are increasingly recognized for their potential as biocontrol agents in integrated pest management systems. These fungi exhibit not only direct insecticidal effects but also secondary metabolites that contribute to plant disease suppression, thereby enhancing crop health and yield. Bacterial entomopathogen Bacillus thuringiensis, as the most widely used biopesticide, has also demonstrated potency not only against insects but also as systemic resistance inducer, thereby boosting plant immunity against pathogens. Moreover, entomopathogens are emerging as growth promoters and biostimulants, enhancing crop vigor through nutrient uptake and root development. This review consolidates current knowledge on the mechanisms of action of microbial entomopathogens against pests as well as current understanding on its other plant-beneficial traits. It also discusses their environmental impact and potential integration into sustainable agricultural practices. This comprehensive exploration underscores the transformative potential of microbial entomopathogens in shaping future strategies for holistic crop health management including pest management in agriculture.
- MeSH
- Bacillus thuringiensis MeSH
- Bacteria MeSH
- Beauveria MeSH
- biologická kontrola škůdců * metody MeSH
- biologická ochrana * MeSH
- hmyz mikrobiologie MeSH
- houby * MeSH
- Metarhizium fyziologie MeSH
- nemoci rostlin prevence a kontrola parazitologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- zemědělské plodiny mikrobiologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- zemědělství * metody MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Calmodulin (CaM) is a primary Ca2+ receptor and plays a pivotal role in a variety of cellular responses in eukaryotes. Even though a large number of CaM-binding proteins are well known in yeast, plants, and animals, little is known regarding CaM-targeted proteins in filamentous fungi. To identify CaM-binding proteins in filamentous fungi, we used a proteomics method coupled with co-immunoprecipitation (CoIP) and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry (MS) in Beauveria bassiana. Through this method, we identified ten CaM-binding proteins in B. bassiana. One of the CaM-targeted proteins was the heat shock protein 70 (BbHSP70) in B. bassiana. Our biochemical study showed that ATP inhibits the molecular interaction between BbHSP70 and CaM, suggesting a regulatory mechanism between CaM and ATP for regulating BbHSP70.
- MeSH
- adenosintrifosfát metabolismus MeSH
- Beauveria chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- fungální proteiny chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- hmyz mikrobiologie MeSH
- kalmodulin chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny vázající kalmodulin chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- proteomika MeSH
- sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
- sekvenční seřazení MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- vazba proteinů MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
A new double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) mycovirus has been identified in the isolate NB IFR-19 of the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria javanica. Isaria javanica chrysovirus-1 (IjCV-1) constitutes a new member of the Chrysoviridae family, and its genome is made up of four dsRNA elements designated dsRNA1, 2, 3 and 4 from largest to smallest. dsRNA1 and dsRNA2 encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and a coat protein (CP), respectively. dsRNA3 and 4 encode hypothetical proteins of unknown function. IjCV-1 constitutes the first report of a chrysovirus infecting the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria javanica.
- MeSH
- Ascomycota fyziologie virologie MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- genom virový MeSH
- hmyz mikrobiologie MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- RNA virová genetika MeSH
- RNA-viry klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
- virové proteiny genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The high demand for new antibacterials fosters the isolation of new biologically active compounds producing actinobacteria. Here, we report the isolation and initial characterization of cultured actinobacteria from dominant benthic organisms' communities of Lake Baikal. Twenty-five distinct strains were obtained from 5 species of Baikal endemic macroinvertebrates of amphipods, freshwater sponges, turbellaria worms, and insects (caddisfly larvae). The 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-based phylogenic analysis of obtained strains showed their affiliation to Streptomyces, Nocardia, Pseudonocardia, Micromonospora, Aeromicrobium, and Agromyces genera, revealing the diversity of actinobacteria associated with the benthic organisms of Lake Baikal. The biological activity assays showed that 24 out of 25 strains are producing compounds active against at least one of the test cultures used, including Gram-negative bacteria and Candida albicans. Complete dereplication of secondary metabolite profiles of two isolated strains led to identification of only few known compounds, while the majority of detected metabolites are not listed in existing antibiotic databases.
- MeSH
- Actinobacteria chemie klasifikace izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- Amphipoda mikrobiologie MeSH
- antiinfekční látky chemie metabolismus MeSH
- Bacteria účinky léků MeSH
- bezobratlí mikrobiologie MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- hmyz mikrobiologie MeSH
- houby účinky léků MeSH
- jezera mikrobiologie MeSH
- Porifera mikrobiologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Early male-killing (MK) bacteria are vertically transmitted reproductive parasites which kill male offspring that inherit them. Whereas their incidence is well documented, characteristics allowing originally non-MK bacteria to gradually evolve MK ability remain unclear. We show that horizontal transmission is a mechanism enabling vertically transmitted bacteria to evolve fully efficient MK under a wide range of host and parasite characteristics, especially when the efficacy of vertical transmission is high. We also show that an almost 100% vertically transmitted and 100% effective male-killer may evolve from a purely horizontally transmitted non-MK ancestor, and that a 100% efficient male-killer can form a stable coexistence only with a non-MK bacterial strain. Our findings are in line with the empirical evidence on current MK bacteria, explain their high efficacy in killing infected male embryos and their variability within and across insect taxa, and suggest that they may have evolved independently in phylogenetically distinct species.
- MeSH
- Bacteria klasifikace genetika MeSH
- biologická evoluce * MeSH
- fyziologie bakterií MeSH
- hmyz embryologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- interakce hostitele a patogenu * MeSH
- poměr pohlaví MeSH
- přenos infekční nemoci * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The booklouse, Liposcelis bostrychophila, is a worldwide pest of stored products. For decades, only thelytokous parthenogenetic reproduction was documented in L. bostrychophila. Male L. bostrychophila were first found in Hawaii in 2002. In 2009, a sexual strain was found in Arizona. We examined the morphology of both males and females of the Arizona strain and compared the Arizona sexual strain with the Hawaii sexual strain and the parthenogenetic strains of L. bostrychophila. The sexual and parthenogenetic strains show some differences in eye morphology. To examine the relationship between sexual and asexual lineages, we sequenced the mitochondrial 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA genes of males and females from the Arizona strain. Phylogenetic analyses of L. bostrychophila individuals revealed that: 1) the sexually reproducing colony found in Arizona contains two closely related mitochondrial DNA haplotypes--one present in only females and the other in both males and females; and 2) the Arizona sexual strain was most closely related to a parthenogenetic strain in Illinois. We detected Rickettsia in all of the parthenogenetic individuals we checked but not in any Arizona sexual individuals. Further evidence is required to establish whether the presence of Rickettsia is linked to asexual reproduction in Liposcelis.
- MeSH
- DNA bakterií analýza MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- haplotypy MeSH
- hmyz klasifikace genetika mikrobiologie MeSH
- mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
- mitochondriální DNA genetika metabolismus MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- partenogeneze MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
- Rickettsia genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- RNA ribozomální chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
- sekvenční seřazení MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Arizona MeSH
The occurrence and species distribution of bifidobacteria in the digestive tract of important representatives of social insects such as ants, bees, wasps and bumblebees as well as the incidence of bifidobacteria in fecal samples of several species of vertebrates represented mainly by reptiles was assigned by culture-independent method based on DGGE and real time PCR. Bifidobacteria were present in the gut of most social insects--honey bees, wasps, cockroaches and bumblebees, except for ants. In honey bees, where the counts of bifidobacteria ranged from 2 to 8% of the total bacteria, the most common species seemed to be Bifidobacterium indicum. Proportion of bifidobacteria was found in broad range from 0.1 to 35-37% in wasps and cockroaches; the variance of bifidobacteria in bumblebees was lower, ranging from 1 to 7% of total bacterial count. Among studied vertebrates, the detectable presence of bifidobacteria was found only in trout (1.1%) and geckos (0.2%), but large amount of these bacteria was observed in Vietnamese box turtle, where bifidobacteria represented nearly one-fourth (22%) of total bacterial counts.
- MeSH
- Bifidobacterium genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- denaturace nukleových kyselin MeSH
- DNA bakterií genetika MeSH
- elektroforéza v polyakrylamidovém gelu MeSH
- feces mikrobiologie MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- hmyz mikrobiologie MeSH
- plazi mikrobiologie MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
- ribozomální DNA genetika MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S genetika MeSH
- ryby mikrobiologie MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
Extracellular enzymes produced by Metarhizium anisopliae are believed to play a key role in cuticle hydrolysis. The in-vitro production of cuticle-degrading enzymes, such as chitinase, proteinase, caseinase, lipase and amylase in fourteen isolates of M. anisopliae exhibited significant natural isolate variability. The isolates were also evaluated for chitinase and proteinase enzyme assays in order to quantify the enzyme production. The growth characteristics and colony morphology of the isolates showed variation and few isolates formed sectors and the colonies were either fluffy or powdery. Among the isolates studied, isolate UM2 was found to show good consistence with the results on enzyme measurements as well as the growth characteristics and colony morphology. Such characterization of isolate variability could rationally be used in the selection of isolates for the production of improved myco-pesticides in the integrated pest management programs.
The influence of geographic location, season, age, and part of the digestive tract on bacterial diversity was evaluated on intestinal microflora of honeybees, wasps, and cockroaches using DGGE analysis. PCR-DGGE analyses with universal bacterial primers targeting 200-bp region of the 16S rDNA gene afforded the profile of complex bacterial DNA; specific primers were used to determine the profile of bifidobacteria whose concentration in digestive tract was determined by real-time PCR. Selected PCR products were identified by sequencing. The microflora of the bees exhibited little variations among the hives from distant locations. Their bifidobacterial population formed 2.8-8.4 % of total bacteria and was very homogeneous. The total gut microflora of wasps was also homogeneous, only two samples being affected by the season or the location; on the other hand, wasp bifidobacterial population was very heterogeneous. Cockroaches showed the highest variations in microflora composition, the age and diet being the ultimate factors; bifidobacteria counts also varied among tested individuals (0.1-34.1 % of total bacteria). Our results suggest that nutrition habits are the strongest factor affecting the insect microflora, giving higher variations to omnivorous species.
- MeSH
- Bacteria genetika izolace a purifikace klasifikace MeSH
- Bifidobacterium genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- DNA bakterií analýza izolace a purifikace MeSH
- genetická variace MeSH
- hmyz mikrobiologie MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce metody MeSH
- ribozomální DNA analýza MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S genetika MeSH
- sršňovití mikrobiologie MeSH
- střeva mikrobiologie MeSH
- švábi mikrobiologie MeSH
- včely mikrobiologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
Seven microsporidian species infecting caddis fly larvae, corresponding to conventional genera Episeptum, Pyrotheca and Cougourdella were studied using light and electron microscopy. Parts of their small subunit, ITS and large subunit ribosomal RNA genes were sequenced and compared with sequences of rDNA obtained from syntype slides of Cougourdella polycentropi Weiser 1965 and Pyrotheca sp. from Hydropsyche pellucidula. All studied caddis fly microsporidia form a closely related group. Their developmental stages in trichopteran hosts are restricted to fat body cells and oenocytes and have isolated nuclei. In late merogony, uninucleate meronts and binucleate plasmodia are formed. In sporogony a sporogonial plasmodium with four nuclei gives rise by rosette-like budding to four sporoblasts within a non-persistent sporophorous vesicle. Sporoblasts mature into pyriform to lageniform spores. The shape and size of spores, the number of polar filament coils, the structure of the polaroplast and of the exospore, together with morphometric characters present a set of markers unique for respective species. Four new species are established. The new genus Paraepiseptum is proposed to replace the tetrasporoblastic Pyrotheca and Cougourdella species from caddis flies. The genus Episeptum is redefined. Field and laboratory examinations as well as the phylogenetic position within the aquatic clade of microsporidia suggest that the life cycle of trichopteran microsporidia probably involves an alternate (copepod?) host and (or) transovarial transmission.
- MeSH
- DNA fungální analýza MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- elektronová mikroskopie MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- geny rRNA MeSH
- hmyz mikrobiologie MeSH
- larva mikrobiologie MeSH
- mezerníky ribozomální DNA analýza MeSH
- Microsporidia fyziologie genetika izolace a purifikace klasifikace ultrastruktura MeSH
- mikrobiologie vody MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- spory hub fyziologie ultrastruktura MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Slovenská republika MeSH
