• MeSH
• idiopatické střevní záněty imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita imunologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiota fyziologie   MeSH
• orální zdraví * MeSH
• parodontitida mikrobiologie   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra fyziologie   MeSH
• ústa mikrobiologie   MeSH
• zubní kaz mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Parasitoids acting as biocontrol agents provide farmers with valuable ecosystem services, but are sensitive to insecticides applied against pests. Besides lethal effects of insecticides, sublethal effects observed among survivors may further influence parasitoids' performance. However, information on sublethal effects is scattered across case studies, without a quantitative synthesis and evaluation of generality of respective data. We conducted an analysis of 85 primary empirical datasets to quantify sublethal effects of insecticide application on two key parameters of parasitoid fitness, offspring production and proportion of females among offspring (i.e. sex ratio). To create a direct link to existing agricultural practices, we primarily focused on studies in which parasitoids were exposed to field-recommended concentrations of insecticides. Insecticide-exposed females produced substantially fewer and more male-biased offspring, accounting for an average of about 28% cumulative loss in parasitoid reproductive capacity per generation. The magnitude of sublethal effects was significantly affected by insecticide mode of action, with broad-spectrum insecticides being particularly harmful to parasitoid reproductive performance. Transgenic crops and toxins derived from such plants were generally associated with weaker sublethal effects than majority of synthetic insecticides. Nevertheless, species responses, even to the same insecticides and transgenic crops, showed high variability, cautioning against extrapolating results from individual studies to a wider range of species. Overall, our results indicate that sublethal side-effects on parasitoid reproductive performance represent a significant and widespread cost of insecticides that should explicitly be taken into account when evaluating their harmfulness. Linking laboratory results to field situations remains a key challenge for future research.

• MeSH
• geneticky modifikované rostliny účinky léků   růst a vývoj   parazitologie   MeSH
• Hymenoptera účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• insekticidy toxicita   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita účinky léků   MeSH
• LD50 MeSH
• rozmnožování * MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• zemědělské plodiny účinky léků   růst a vývoj   parazitologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Interspecific relationships frequently determine the effect a pollutant can have on an organism, and this is especially true in closely interacting species such as hosts and parasites. The high spatial and temporal variability of contaminant concentrations combined with the movement of aquatic biota can further influence the consequences that are associated with contamination. We used a full factorial design for the exposed and unexposed partners of the relationship between the parasitic larvae (glochidia) of the European freshwater mussel (Anodonta anatina) and its host fish (Squalius cephalus) to identify the sources of variation in the sublethal endpoints of species interaction (the intensity of parasite attachment, the spatial position of glochidia on the host body, and encapsulation success). We used the water-borne human pharmaceutical compounds methamphetamine (a central nervous system stimulant) and tramadol (an opioid) at environmentally relevant concentrations (˜ 6.7 and 3.8 nmol L-1 of methamphetamine and tramadol, respectively) as a proxy for contaminant exposure because these compounds are emerging aquatic stressors that are known for high spatial and temporal variability in their detected concentration levels. The relationship between the bivalve and the fish species was influenced by the preceding contact with both methamphetamine and tramadol, but this effect was highly asymmetric. Our experimental design enabled us to identify the specific changes in the relationship outcome that are elicited by the exposure of individual partners, such as the significant increase in glochidia infection success rate from 59.6 ± 3.9% to 78.7 ± 2.8% (means ± s.e.) that was associated with host exposure to methamphetamine. Additionally, the significant interaction effect of the exposure was demonstrated by the lowered proportion of glochidia attached to gills after the coexposure of both partners to tramadol. The impact of pharmaceuticals on wild aquatic host-parasite relationships provides an example of the risks that are associated with the unintentional discharge of biologically active compounds into freshwater habitats. Given the increasing evidence showing the ecological impact of waste pharmaceuticals, the use of multitrophic interaction endpoints after joint and unilateral exposures provides an important step towards the realistic risk assessment of these compounds.

• MeSH
• Anodonta účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita   MeSH
• Cyprinidae parazitologie   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita účinky léků   MeSH
• larva růst a vývoj   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• sladká voda chemie   MeSH
• testy toxicity MeSH
• žábry parazitologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Plant defense metabolites are well known to be regulated developmentally. The optimal defense (OD) theory posits that a tssue's fitness values and probability of attack should determine defense metabolite allocations. Young leaves are expected to provide a larger fitness value to the plant, and therefore their defense allocations should be higher when compared with older leaves. The mechanisms that coordinate development with defense remain unknown and frequently confound tests of the OD theory predictions. Here we demonstrate that cytokinins (CKs) modulate ontogeny-dependent defenses in Nicotiana attenuata. We found that leaf CK levels highly correlate with inducible defense expressions with high levels in young and low levels in older leaves. We genetically manipulated the developmental patterns of two different CK classes by using senescence- and chemically inducible expression of CK biosynthesis genes. Genetically modifying the levels of different CKs in leaves was sufficient to alter ontogenic patterns of defense metabolites. We conclude that the developmental regulation of growth hormones that include CKs plays central roles in connecting development with defense and therefore in establishing optimal patterns of defense allocation in plants.

• MeSH
• acetáty metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• býložravci fyziologie   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• cyklopentany metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• cytokininy metabolismus   MeSH
• geneticky modifikované rostliny MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita účinky léků   MeSH
• listy rostlin genetika   metabolismus   parazitologie   MeSH
• Manduca fyziologie   MeSH
• nemoci rostlin genetika   parazitologie   MeSH
• oxylipiny metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin účinky léků   MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• tabák genetika   metabolismus   parazitologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• Cestoda patogenita   růst a vývoj   účinky léků   MeSH
• hlístice patogenita   růst a vývoj   účinky léků   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita imunologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• parazitární nemoci epidemiologie   klasifikace   přenos   MeSH
• Trematoda patogenita   růst a vývoj   účinky léků   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

The human infection known under the names cercarial dermatitis or swimmers' itch is generally associated with swimming in lakes all over the world, however, a number of outbreaks of cercarial dermatitis developing in salt or brackish waters are also reported. The disease presents as allergic reaction which is able to trap and eliminate the parasites in the skin. However, the infection can be linked to more than skin symptoms under certain circumstances. Recent studies on bird schistosomes have shown that during primary infections of noncompatible hosts (mice) the parasites may migrate through visceral and nervous tissues of mammals. Up to date, cercarial dermatitis has been mostly associated with the cercariae of bird schistosomes of the genus Trichobilharzia. Recent findings of new genera and species indicate, however, broader spectrum of causative agents of the disease with different life cycles, host specificity and pathogenicity.

• MeSH
• dermatitida etiologie   imunologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita genetika   účinky léků   MeSH
• larva imunologie   mikrobiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ptáci mikrobiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• savci parazitologie   MeSH
• Schistosoma izolace a purifikace   mikrobiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• Schistosomatidae izolace a purifikace   mikrobiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH