Ubiquitous occurrence of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environment results in concern about potential adverse the effects on nontarget organisms. In water, drugs are present in complex mixtures, in which complicated interactions affect toxicity of single components. The purpose of this study was to examine effect of 35-day-long exposure to mixture of ibuprofen, diclofenac, and carbamazepine on the mortality, growth, early ontogeny, and histopathological changes in tench (Tinca tinca). Early life stage toxicity test was carried out using a modified protocol according to OECD guideline 210. Exposure to mixture of pharmaceuticals at concentration of 60 μg · L(-1) for each substance was associated with significant increase in mortality, as well as significant increase in growth and elevated incidence of malformations. Any of the tested concentrations resulted in histopathological changes of liver, kidney, skin, or gill. After fourteen days of exposure there was short-term delay of development related to increased concentrations of pharmaceuticals in the mixture (2, 20, and 60 μg · L(-1)). Environmentally relevant concentrations (0.02; and 0.2 μg · L(-1)) used in this experiment did not result in toxic impairment of tench.

• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita   MeSH
• Cyprinidae růst a vývoj   MeSH
• diklofenak toxicita   MeSH
• karbamazepin toxicita   MeSH
• testy toxicity MeSH
• vodní organismy účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Autoři presentují případ smrtelné otravy carbamazepinem. Kvantitativní analýza otravy carbamazepinem vysoce výkonnou kapalinovou chromatografií stanovila koncentraci carbamazepinu v krvi z femorální žíly 50,2 µl/l, respektive 60,3 µg/l v krvi odebrané ze srdečního svalu, a mnoho nevstřebaných tablet bylo také nalezeno v žaludečním obsahu. Stanovili jsme, že příčinou smrti bylo předávkování carbamazepinem.

We present a case of fatal carbamazepine poisoning. Quantitative analysis of carbamazepine using high performance liquid chromatography, revealed that the concentrations of carbamazepine were 50.2 µg/ml in the femoral venous blood and 60.3 µg/ml in the heart blood, respectively, and many unabsorbed tablets were also observed in the stomach contents. We concluded that the cause of death was due to carbamazepine overdose.

• Klíčová slova
• carbamazepin, vysoce výkonná kapalinová chromatografie,
• MeSH
• analýza moči metody   využití   MeSH
• biochemická analýza krve metody   využití   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• gastrointestinální obsah chemie   MeSH
• karbamazepin škodlivé účinky   toxicita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozkomíšní mok chemie   MeSH
• otrava diagnóza   etiologie   MeSH
• pentobarbital škodlivé účinky   toxicita   MeSH
• pitva metody   MeSH
• předávkování léky diagnóza   MeSH
• soudní lékařství metody   MeSH
• soudní toxikologie metody   MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie využití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

Recently, residual pharmaceuticals are generally recognized as relevant sources of aquatic environmental pollutants. However, the toxicological effects of these contaminants have not been adequately researched. In this study, the chronic toxic effects of carbamazepine (CBZ), an anticonvulsant pharmaceutical commonly present in surface and ground water, on physiological condition status and muscle-based biomarkers of rainbow trout were investigated. Fish were exposed at sublethal concentrations of CBZ (1.0 microg l(-1), 0.2 mg l(-1) and 2.0 mg l(-1)) for 42 days. Compared with the control, there was a significant lower (P < 0.05) condition factor in fish exposed at the highest concentration of CBZ (2.0 mg l(-1)), but the hepatosomatic indices in all groups were not significant changes. At lower CBZ concentration (1.0 microg l(-1), 0.2 mg l(-1)), the antioxidant enzyme activities were induced slightly, except catalase, while at the highest concentration (2.0 mg l(-1)) oxidative stress was apparent as reflected by the significant higher lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyls in the fish muscle, associated with a significant inhibition of antioxidant enzymes activities. Moreover, energy metabolic parameters (RNA-DNA ratio, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase) were significantly inhibited in muscle of the fish exposed at the highest concentration (2.0 mg l(-1)), compared with the control. In short, CBZ-induced physiological and biochemical responses in fish were reflected in parameters measured in this study, which suggest that these biomarkers could be used as potential indicators for monitoring residual pharmaceuticals present in aquatic environment.

• MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• antikonvulziva toxicita   MeSH
• biologické markery metabolismus   MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita   MeSH
• DNA metabolismus   MeSH
• glutathionperoxidasa metabolismus   MeSH
• glutathionreduktasa metabolismus   MeSH
• játra anatomie a histologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• karbamazepin toxicita   MeSH
• karbonylace proteinů účinky léků   MeSH
• katalasa metabolismus   MeSH
• kosterní svaly účinky léků   enzymologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• látky reagující s kyselinou thiobarbiturovou metabolismus   MeSH
• náhodné rozdělení MeSH
• Oncorhynchus mykiss metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• RNA metabolismus   MeSH
• sodíko-draslíková ATPasa metabolismus   MeSH
• superoxiddismutasa metabolismus   MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost účinky léků   MeSH
• velikost orgánu účinky léků   MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The effects of CBZ (a human pharmaceutical commonly present in aquatic environment) on the quality parameters and oxidative stress of common carp spermatozoa were investigated in vitro. Fish spermatozoa were incubated with different concentration of CBZ (0.2, 2.0 and 20 mgL(-1)) for 2h. Results revealed that the percentage of spermatozoa motile and velocity were decreased significantly at higher concentration of CBZ (2.0 and 20 mgL(-1)) and a dose-dependent reduction was observed. But the viability of fish spermatozoa was not affected significantly in all CBZ treatment groups. After 2h exposure of CBZ at higher test concentration (2.0 or 20 mgL(-1)), oxidative stress was apparent as reflected by the significant higher LPO and CP levels in fish spermatozoa, as well as the significant inhibition of antioxidant enzymes activities including SOD, GR and GPx. In short, CBZ can induce ROS stress in fish spermatozoa, which could impair the sperm quality and antioxidant defense system. Our results suggested that the use of fish spermatozoa in vitro assays may provide a novel and efficiently means for monitoring residual pharmaceutical in aquatic environment.

• MeSH
• antikonvulziva toxicita   MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita   MeSH
• glutathionperoxidasa metabolismus   MeSH
• glutathionreduktasa metabolismus   MeSH
• kapři metabolismus   MeSH
• karbamazepin toxicita   MeSH
• motilita spermií účinky léků   MeSH
• oxidační stres účinky léků   MeSH
• peroxidace lipidů účinky léků   MeSH
• spermie účinky léků   enzymologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• superoxiddismutasa metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

We investigated the effect of long-term exposure to CBZ on the antioxidant system in brain tissue of rainbow trout. Fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of CBZ (1.0 microg/L, 0.2mg/L or 2.0mg/L) for 7, 21, and 42 days. Oxidative stress indices (LPO and CP) and activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx and GR) in fish brain were measured. In addition, non-enzymatic antioxidant (GSH) was determined after 42 days exposure. Carbamazepine exposure at 0.2mg/L led to significant increases (p<0.05) of LPO and CP after 42 days and, at 2.0mg/L, after 21 days. Activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and GPx in CBZ-treated groups slightly increased during the first period (7 days). However, activities of all measured antioxidant enzymes were significantly inhibited (p<0.05) at 0.2mg/L exposure after 42 days and after 21 days at 2.0mg/L. After 42 days, the content of GSH in fish brain was significantly lower (p<0.05) in groups exposed to CBZ at 0.2mg/L and 2.0mg/L than in other groups. Prolonged exposure to CBZ resulted in excess reactive oxygen species formation, finally resulting in oxidative damage to lipids and proteins and inhibited antioxidant capacities in fish brain. In short, a low level of oxidative stress could induce the adaptive responses of antioxidant enzymes, but long-term exposure to CBZ could lead to serious oxidative damage in fish brain.

• MeSH
• antioxidancia metabolismus   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita   MeSH
• glutathion metabolismus   MeSH
• glutathionperoxidasa metabolismus   MeSH
• glutathionreduktasa metabolismus   MeSH
• karbamazepin toxicita   MeSH
• karbonylace proteinů účinky léků   MeSH
• katalasa metabolismus   MeSH
• látky reagující s kyselinou thiobarbiturovou metabolismus   MeSH
• mozek enzymologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• Oncorhynchus mykiss metabolismus   MeSH
• oxidační stres účinky léků   MeSH
• peroxidace lipidů účinky léků   MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus   MeSH
• rybí proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• superoxiddismutasa metabolismus   MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

We investigated the effect of long-term exposure to carbamazepine (CBZ) on the enzymatic alterations and RNA/DNA ratio in intestine tissue of rainbow trout. Fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of CBZ (1.0 microg/l, 0.2 or 2.0 mg/l) for 42 days. Digestive enzymes (proteolytic enzymes and amylase) and energy metabolic enzyme (Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase) and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], glutathione peroxidase [GPx], and glutathione reductase [GR]) in fish intestine were measured. In addition, intestinal RNA/DNA ratio was determined after 42 days exposure. Carbamazepine exposure at 2.0 mg/l led to significantly inhibited (P < 0.05) activity of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase. Activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and GPx in CBZ-treated groups gradually increased at lower concentration of CBZ (1.0 microg/l and 0.2 mg/l), then significantly inhibited (P < 0.05) at 2.0 mg/l. After 42 days, the RNA/DNA ratio in fish intestine was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in groups exposed to CBZ at 2.0 mg/l than in other groups. However, there was no statistical significance (P > 0.05) in the activities of digestive enzymes (proteolytic enzyme and amylase) and GR in all groups. In short, prolonged exposure to CBZ resulted in different responses of various enzymes and significantly lower RNA/DNA ratio in fish intestine. Furthermore, molecular and genetic mechanisms of these physiological responses in fish are not clear, which need to be further studied.

• MeSH
• antioxidancia metabolismus   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu aplikace a dávkování   toxicita   MeSH
• DNA účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• karbamazepin aplikace a dávkování   toxicita   MeSH
• Oncorhynchus mykiss MeSH
• RNA účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• sodíko-draslíková ATPasa antagonisté a inhibitory   metabolismus   MeSH
• střeva účinky léků   enzymologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• trávicí systém účinky léků   enzymologie   MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

In recent years, chemical pollution by the residual pharmaceuticals has been increasingly important issue due to its widely present in the aquatic environment. However, the toxicological effects of residual pharmaceuticals on fish have not been adequately researched. The aim of this work is to investigate the toxic effect of CBZ, an anticonvulsant drug commonly present in aquatic environment, on antioxidant status and Na+-K+-ATPase in gill of rainbow trout exposed to sublethal CBZ (1.0 microg L(-1), 0.2 mg L(-1) and 2.0 mg L(-1)) for 7, 21 and 42 d. After prolonged exposure of CBZ at higher test concentration (0.2 or 2.0 mg L(-1)), oxidative stress was apparent as reflected by the significant higher LPO and CP levels in fish gill, as well as the significant inhibition of antioxidant enzymes activities including SOD, CAT, GR and GPx. Besides, reduced glutathione level and Na+-K+-ATPase activity were significantly lower than those of the control after 42 d of exposure to CBZ at higher test concentration (0.2 or 2.0 mg L(-1)). The results of this study indicate that chronic exposure of CBZ has altered multiple physiological indices in fish gill; however, before those parameters are used as special biomarkers for monitoring residual pharmaceuticals in aquatic environment, more detailed experiments in laboratory need to be performed in the future.

• MeSH
• antikonvulziva toxicita   MeSH
• antioxidancia metabolismus   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita   MeSH
• glutathion metabolismus   MeSH
• glutathionperoxidasa metabolismus   MeSH
• glutathionreduktasa metabolismus   MeSH
• karbamazepin toxicita   MeSH
• karbonylace proteinů MeSH
• katalasa metabolismus   MeSH
• Oncorhynchus mykiss metabolismus   MeSH
• oxidační stres MeSH
• peroxidace lipidů MeSH
• sodíko-draslíková ATPasa metabolismus   MeSH
• superoxiddismutasa metabolismus   MeSH
• žábry enzymologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• antidota terapeutické užití   MeSH
• benzodiazepiny toxicita   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• ibuprofen toxicita   MeSH
• karbamazepin toxicita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• otrava diagnóza   prevence a kontrola   terapie   MeSH
• paracetamol toxicita   MeSH
• toxikologická centra organizace a řízení   využití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH

• MeSH
• antikonvulziva MeSH
• blokátory sodíkových kanálů řízených napětím MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• epilepsie farmakoterapie   MeSH
• karbamazepin analogy a deriváty   farmakokinetika   terapeutické užití   toxicita   MeSH
• klinické lékařství MeSH
• komplikace těhotenství MeSH
• lékové interakce MeSH
• neuralgie trigeminu MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• Publikační typ
• sborníky MeSH

• Konspekt
• Farmacie. Farmakologie
• NLK Obory
• farmacie a farmakologie
• neurologie