To trace evolution of Panton-Valentine leucocidin-positive clonal complex 398 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the Czech Republic, we tested 103 MRSA isolates from humans. Five (4.9%) were Panton-Valentine leucocidin-positive clonal complex 398, sequence types 1232 and 9181. Spread to the Czech Republic may result from travel to or from other countries.
- MeSH
- bakteriální toxiny * biosyntéza genetika MeSH
- dějiny 21. století MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- exotoxiny * genetika biosyntéza MeSH
- leukocidiny * genetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus * genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- stafylokokové infekce * mikrobiologie epidemiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny 21. století MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
BACKGROUND: The carriage of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens in medical students has not been studied extensively, despite the fact that they are in contact with patients and exposed to a hospital environment. AIM: To investigate the intestinal and nasal carriage of MDR pathogens among medical students and its association with their lifestyle and demographic data. METHODS: In 2021, first- and final-year medical students were invited to the study. Two rectal swabs were used for detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing, colistin-, tigecycline- or carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Nasal swab was used for Staphylococcus aureus culture. S. aureus isolates were characterized by spa typing; Gram-negative resistant isolates and meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were subjected to whole-genome short and/or long sequencing. FINDINGS: From 178 students, 80 (44.9%) showed nasal carriage of S. aureus; two isolates were MRSA. In rectal swabs, seven ESBL-producing strains were detected. Sixteen students were colonized by colistin-resistant bacteria, three isolates carried the mcr-1 gene (1.7%). The mcr-9 (10.7%, 19/178) and mcr-10 (2.2%, 4/178) genes were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, but only two colistin-susceptible mcr-10-positive isolates were cultured. The S. aureus nasal carriage was negatively associated with antibiotic and probiotic consumption. S. aureus and colistin-resistant bacteria were detected more frequently among students in contact with livestock. CONCLUSION: Medical students can be colonized by (multi)drug-resistant bacteria with no difference between first- and final-year students. The participation of students in self-screening increases their awareness of possible colonization by resistant strains and their potential transmission due to poor hand hygiene.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of health care-associated infections. Additionally, over the decades, the spread of community-associated (CA-MRSA) clones has become a serious problem. The aim of this study was to gain data on the current epidemiology of MRSA in Slovakia. Between January 2020 and March 2020, single-patient MRSA isolates (invasive and/or colonizing) were collected in Slovakia from hospitalized inpatients (16 hospitals) or outpatients (77 cities). Isolates were characterized via antimicrobial susceptibility testing, spa typing, SCCmec typing, the detection of mecA/mecC, genes coding for Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), and the arcA gene (part of the arginine catabolic mobile element [ACME]). Out of 412 isolates, 167 and 245 originated from hospitalized patients and outpatients, respectively. Inpatients were most likely older (P < 0.001) and carried a strain exhibiting multiple resistance (P = 0.015). Isolates were frequently resistant to erythromycin (n = 320), clindamycin (n = 268), and ciprofloxacin/norfloxacin (n = 261). 55 isolates were resistant to oxacillin/cefoxitin only. By clonal structure, CC5-MRSA-II (n = 106; spa types t003, t014), CC22-MRSA-IV (n = 75; t032), and CC8-MRSA-IV (n = 65; t008) were the most frequent. We identified PVL in 72 isolates (17.48%; 17/412), with the majority belonging to CC8-MRSA-IV (n = 55; arcA+; t008, t622; the USA300 CA-MRSA clone) and CC5-MRSA-IV (n = 13; t311, t323). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the epidemiology of MRSA in Slovakia. The presence of the epidemic HA-MRSA clones CC5-MRSA-II and CC22-MRSA-IV was found, as was, importantly, the emergence of the global epidemic USA300 CA-MRSA clone. The extensive spread of USA300 among inpatients and outpatients across the Slovakian regions warrants further investigation. IMPORTANCE The epidemiology of MRSA is characterized by the rise and fall of epidemic clones. Understanding the spread, as well as the evolution of successful MRSA clones, depends on the knowledge of global MRSA epidemiology. However, basic knowledge about MRSA epidemiology is still fragmented or completely missing in some parts of the world. This is the first study of MRSA epidemiology in Slovakia to identify the presence of the epidemic HA-MRSA clones CC5-MRSA-II and CC22-MRSA-IV and, importantly and unexpectedly, the emergence of the global epidemic USA300 CA-MRSA clone in the Slovakian community and hospitals. So far, USA300 has failed to spread in Europe, and this study documents an extensive spread of this epidemic clone in a European country for the first time.
- MeSH
- infekce spojené se zdravotní péčí * epidemiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus * genetika MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- nemocnice MeSH
- stafylokokové infekce * epidemiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika MeSH
- MeSH
- hospodářská zvířata MeSH
- infekce spojené se zdravotní péčí MeSH
- infekce získané v komunitě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus * genetika klasifikace účinky léků MeSH
- molekulární epidemiologie metody MeSH
- stafylokokové infekce dějiny etnologie genetika MeSH
- virulence MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie MeSH
- antiinfekční látky * MeSH
- bakteriální geny MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus * genetika MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- rezistence na methicilin genetika MeSH
- stafylokokové infekce * genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- dopisy MeSH
x
x
- MeSH
- analýza potravin MeSH
- epidemiologické monitorování MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus * genetika klasifikace patogenita MeSH
- přenos infekční nemoci prevence a kontrola MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- techniky typizace bakterií MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) emergence in commensal and pathogenic bacteria is a global health issue. House flies (Musca domestica) are considered as biological and mechanical vectors for pathogens causing nosocomial infections, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). However, the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and the role of temperature on the occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA in house flies in a hospital environment have not been studied. A total of 400 house flies were collected in winter and summer from four hospital-associated areas in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Detection of S. aureus and MRSA in flies was done by culturing, staining, and PCR methods targeting nuc and mec genes (mecA and mecC), respectively. Disc diffusion test was used to detect resistance phenotype against six antimicrobials. Logistic regression models were constructed to assess the effect of temperature on the frequency of antimicrobial resistance, and on the presence of the nuc and mecA genes, and location of samples in and around a hospital environment. By PCR, S. aureus was detected in 208 (52%) samples. High frequencies of resistance (≥ 80% of isolates) to amoxicillin, azithromycin, and oxacillin were observed by disk diffusion test. Increase in temperature had a positive effect on the occurrence of S. aureus and MRSA isolates as well as on their resistance to individual and multiple antimicrobials. Among the study areas, hospital premises had increased odds of having S. aureus. Increased temperature of summer significantly increased the occurrence of MRSA in house flies in and around the hospital environment, which might pose a human and animal health risk.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny MeSH
- Diptera * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus * genetika MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- moucha domácí * MeSH
- nemocnice MeSH
- proteiny vázající penicilin MeSH
- rezistence na methicilin MeSH
- roční období MeSH
- stafylokokové infekce * farmakoterapie veterinární MeSH
- Staphylococcus aureus genetika MeSH
- teplota MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
This study was aimed on the detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in different categories of retailed ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products from the Czech producers and determination of their genetic properties, antimicrobial resistance and virulence. In RTE meat products, 2% (4/181) of examined samples were MRSA positive. MRSA strains were detected only in durable fermented meat products made exclusively from pork meat. Detection of livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) clonal lineages (ST398 and ST4999), SCCmec cassette type V and tetracycline resistance indicate a source of contamination from raw pork. The study confirms the ability of these strains to survive the technological process rather than contamination of meat products from the food processing environment. MRSA strains did not carry any of the tested genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins or virulence genes (for Panton-Valentine leukocidin, exfoliative toxins A, B and toxic shock syndrome). Our results point out the spread of LA-MRSA through the meat processing chain.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie MeSH
- dobytek MeSH
- masné výrobky * MeSH
- maso MeSH
- methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus * genetika MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- stafylokokové infekce * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Staphylococcus aureus is a major bacterial human pathogen that causes a wide variety of clinical manifestations. The main aim of the presented study was to determine and optimize a novel sequencing independent approach that enables molecular typing of S. aureus isolates and elucidates the transmission of emergent clones between patients. In total, 987 S. aureus isolates including both methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) isolates were used to evaluate the novel typing approach combining high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis of multilocus sequence typing (MLST) genes (mini-MLST) and spa gene (spa-HRM). The novel approach's discriminatory ability was evaluated by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). The clonal relatedness of tested isolates was set by the BURP and BURST approach using spa and MLST data, respectively. Mini-MLST classified the S. aureus isolates into 38 clusters, followed by spa-HRM classifying the isolates into 101 clusters. The WGS proved HRM-based methods to effectively differentiate between related S. aureus isolates. Visualizing evolutionary relationships among different spa-types provided by the BURP algorithm showed comparable results to MLST/mini-MLST clonal clusters. We proved that the combination of mini-MLST and spa-HRM is rapid, reproducible, and cost-efficient. In addition to high discriminatory ability, the correlation between spa evolutionary relationships and mini-MLST clustering allows the variability in population structure to be monitored. IMPORTANCE Rapid and cost-effective molecular typing tools for Staphylococcus aureus epidemiological applications such as transmission tracking, source attribution and outbreak investigations are highly desirable. High-resolution melting based methods are effective alternative to those based on sequencing. Their good reproducibility and easy performance allow prospective typing of large set of isolates while reaching great discriminatory power. In this study, we established a new epidemiological approach to S. aureus typing. This scheme has the potential to greatly improve epidemiological investigations of S. aureus.
- MeSH
- kontrola infekce * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- molekulární typizace metody MeSH
- multilokusová sekvenční typizace MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- sekvenování celého genomu MeSH
- stafylokokové infekce diagnóza mikrobiologie MeSH
- Staphylococcus aureus klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- techniky typizace bakterií metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
This study sought to reveal the proteomic profiling of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) after exposure to imipenem. The advanced isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ®) proteomic approach were used to analyze the alterations in MRSA-derived EV protein patterns upon exposure to imipenem. A total of 1260 EV proteins were identified and quantified. Among these, 861 differentially expressed exosome proteins (P < 0.05) were found. Multivariate analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) annotation, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were used to analyze the identified proteins. Enrichment analysis of GO annotations indicated that imipenem primarily regulated the metabolic processes in MRSA. The metabolism of differentially expressed proteins was found to be the most significant in the combined analysis of the KEGG pathway analysis. Based on the results from the STRING analysis, 50S ribosomal protein L16 (RplP) and 30S ribosomal protein S8 (RpsH) were involved in the imipenem-induced MRSA-derived EVs. These results provide vital information on MRSA-derived EVs, increasing our knowledge of the proteome level changes in EVs upon exposure to imipenem. Moreover, these results pave the way for developing novel MRSA treatments.
