Horúčka je častým javom na neurologických jednotkách intenzívnej starostlivosti. Etiologicky najčastejšie ide o infekčnú príčinu, v menšej miere prichádzajú následne do úvahy neinfekčné príčiny, ako trombembolizmus, medikamentózne navodený stav, postoperačné príčiny a v neposlednom rade centrálna neurogénna hypertermia. Ide o diagnózu per exclusionem, ktorá doteraz nemá štandardizované diagnostické kritériá ani liečbu. Rovnako tak nie je úplne objasnený ani patomechanizmus jej vzniku. Článok sa zaoberá prehľadom dostupných údajov o fyziológii termoregulácie, predostiera predpokladaný patofyziologický pôvod danej entity (s dôrazom na problematiku z pohľadu neurológa), zmieňuje sa o prejavoch a dôsledkoch ochorenia, napokon uvádza stručný prehľad možností liečby vrátane off‐label preparátov.
Fever is a common phenomenon within neurological intensive care units. Etiologically, it is most often an infectious cause, to a lesser extent, non-infectious causes come into consideration such as thromboembolism, medically induced condition, postoperative causes and, last but not least, central neurogenic hyperthermia. This is a diagnosis per exclusionem, which does not yet have standardized diagnostic criteria or treatment. Likewise, the pathomechanism of its formation is not fully clarified. The article deals with an overview of available data from the physiology of thermoregulation, lays out the presumed pathophysiological background of the given entity (with an emphasis on the issue from the neurologist's point of view), mentions the symptoms and consequences of the disease, and finally gives a brief overview of treatment options, including off-label preparations.
- MeSH
- hypertermie * diagnóza etiologie farmakoterapie patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- hypothalamus fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mozek patofyziologie MeSH
- nemoci nervového systému klasifikace patofyziologie MeSH
- neurony fyziologie klasifikace MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- tělesná teplota fyziologie MeSH
- termoregulace fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
To understand the function of cortical circuits, it is necessary to catalog their cellular diversity. Past attempts to do so using anatomical, physiological or molecular features of cortical cells have not resulted in a unified taxonomy of neuronal or glial cell types, partly due to limited data. Single-cell transcriptomics is enabling, for the first time, systematic high-throughput measurements of cortical cells and generation of datasets that hold the promise of being complete, accurate and permanent. Statistical analyses of these data reveal clusters that often correspond to cell types previously defined by morphological or physiological criteria and that appear conserved across cortical areas and species. To capitalize on these new methods, we propose the adoption of a transcriptome-based taxonomy of cell types for mammalian neocortex. This classification should be hierarchical and use a standardized nomenclature. It should be based on a probabilistic definition of a cell type and incorporate data from different approaches, developmental stages and species. A community-based classification and data aggregation model, such as a knowledge graph, could provide a common foundation for the study of cortical circuits. This community-based classification, nomenclature and data aggregation could serve as an example for cell type atlases in other parts of the body.
- MeSH
- analýza jednotlivých buněk MeSH
- buňky klasifikace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neokortex cytologie MeSH
- neuroglie klasifikace MeSH
- neurony klasifikace MeSH
- terminologie jako téma MeSH
- transkriptom * MeSH
- výpočetní biologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- Poznámky k vědeckým, populárně-vědeckým a dalším článkům a pořadům ve sdělovacích prostředcích,
- MeSH
- astronomické jevy MeSH
- hypoglykemika aplikace a dávkování dějiny terapeutické užití MeSH
- kauzalita MeSH
- klinické zkoušky jako téma MeSH
- komunikační média * trendy využití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metaanalýza jako téma MeSH
- neurony fyziologie klasifikace MeSH
- pohybová aktivita fyziologie MeSH
- práce fyziologie normy psychologie MeSH
- psychotropní léky aplikace a dávkování dějiny terapeutické užití MeSH
- recenze jako téma * MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- vůle MeSH
- vývoj řeči MeSH
- životní styl MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Neurons in anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex (ACC/PFC) carry information about behaviorally relevant target stimuli. This information is believed to affect behavior by exerting a top-down attentional bias on stimulus selection. However, attention information may not necessarily be a biasing signal but could be a corollary signal that is not directly related to ongoing behavioral success, or it could reflect the monitoring of targets similar to an eligibility trace useful for later attentional adjustment. To test this suggestion we quantified how attention information relates to behavioral success in neurons recorded in multiple subfields in macaque ACC/PFC during a cued attention task. We found that attention cues activated three separable neuronal groups that encoded spatial attention information but were differently linked to behavioral success. A first group encoded attention targets on correct and error trials. This group spread across ACC/PFC and represented targets transiently after cue onset, irrespective of behavior. A second group encoded attention targets on correct trials only, closely predicting behavior. These neurons were not only prevalent in lateral prefrontal but also in anterior cingulate cortex. A third group encoded target locations only on error trials. This group was evident in ACC and PFC and was activated in error trials "as if" attention was shifted to the target location but without evidence for such behavior. These results show that only a portion of neuronaly available information about attention targets biases behavior. We speculate that additionally a unique neural subnetwork encodes counterfactual attention information.
- MeSH
- akční potenciály fyziologie MeSH
- analýza rozptylu MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- cingulární gyrus cytologie MeSH
- Macaca mulatta MeSH
- neurony klasifikace fyziologie MeSH
- podněty MeSH
- pozornost fyziologie MeSH
- prefrontální mozková kůra cytologie MeSH
- reakční čas fyziologie MeSH
- světelná stimulace MeSH
- vnímání prostoru fyziologie MeSH
- výběrové chování fyziologie MeSH
- zkreslení výsledků (epidemiologie) MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- buňky MeSH
- dějiny 19. století * MeSH
- dějiny lékařství * MeSH
- ganglia * anatomie a histologie sekrece MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mícha anatomie a histologie cytologie MeSH
- mikroskopie * metody normy přístrojové vybavení využití MeSH
- mozek * anatomie a histologie MeSH
- nervová tkáň * anatomie a histologie patologie MeSH
- neuroglie * MeSH
- neurony cytologie fyziologie klasifikace patologie ultrastruktura MeSH
- neurovědy * dějiny MeSH
- výzkum dějiny MeSH
- významné osobnosti * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny 19. století * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- biografie MeSH
- historické články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- O autorovi
- Purkyně, Jan Evangelista, 1787-1869 Autorita
- Pappenheim, Samuel, 1811-1882 Autorita
- Rosenthal, David, 1821-1875 Autorita
- Čermák, Jan Nepomuk 1828-1873 Autorita
- Schwann, Theodor, 1810-1882 Autorita
- Hannover, Adolph, 1814-1894 Autorita
- Gerber, Friedrich, 1797-1872 Autorita
- Bruns, Victor von, 1812-1883 Autorita
- Henle, Jakob, 1809-1885 Autorita
- Helmholtz, Hermann von, 1821-1894 Autorita
- Stilling, Benedict, 1810-1879 Autorita
- Hassall, Arthur Hill, 1817-1894 Autorita
- Rokitanský, Karel, 1804-1878 Autorita
- Virchow, Rudolf, 1821-1902 Autorita
- Wagner, Rudolf, 1805-1864 Autorita
- Volkmann, Alfred 1801-1894
- Bidder, Georg 1810-1894
- Kölliker, Albert 1817-1905
- Gerlach, Joseph von, 1820-1896
- Waller, Augustus 1816-1870
- Leydig, Franz 1821-1908
- Clarke, Lockhart 1817-1880
- Corti, Alfonso 1822-1876
- Müller, Heinrich 1820-1864
- Schultze, Max 1825-1874
- Bergmann, Carl 1814-1865
- Gratiolet, Louis 1815-1865
- Schroeder, van der Kolk, Jacobus 1797-1862
- Remak, Robert 1815-1865
- Mauthner, Ludwig 1840-1894
The Ornstein-Uhlenbeck neuronal model is specified by two types of parameters. One type corresponds to the properties of the neuronal membrane, whereas the second type (local average rate of the membrane depolarization and its variability) corresponds to the input of the neuron. In this article, we estimate the parameters of the second type from an intracellular record during neuronal firing caused by stimulation (audio signal). We compare the obtained estimates with those from the spontaneous part of the record. As predicted from the model construction, the values of the input parameters are larger for the periods when neuron is stimulated than for the spontaneous ones. Finally, the firing regimen of the model is checked. It is confirmed that the neuron is in the suprathreshold regimen during the stimulation.
- MeSH
- akční potenciály fyziologie MeSH
- akustická stimulace metody MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- elektroencefalografie MeSH
- membránové potenciály fyziologie MeSH
- modely neurologické MeSH
- morčata MeSH
- nervové dráhy fyziologie MeSH
- neurony klasifikace fyziologie MeSH
- počítačové zpracování signálu MeSH
- reakční čas fyziologie MeSH
- stochastické procesy MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- morčata MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Normalized entropy as a measure of randomness is explored. It is employed to characterize those properties of neuronal firing that cannot be described by the first two statistical moments. We analyze randomness of firing of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) neuronal model with respect either to the variability of interspike intervals (coefficient of variation) or the model parameters. A new form of the Siegert's equation for first-passage time of the OU process is given. The parametric space of the model is divided into two parts (sub-and supra-threshold) depending upon the neuron activity in the absence of noise. In the supra-threshold regime there are many similarities of the model with the Wiener process model. The sub-threshold behavior differs qualitatively both from the Wiener model and from the supra-threshold regime. For very low input the firing regularity increases (due to increase of noise) cannot be observed by employing the entropy, while it is clearly observable by employing the coefficient of variation. Finally, we introduce and quantify the converse effect of firing regularity decrease by employing the normalized entropy.
We propose a measure of the information rate of a single stationary neuronal activity with respect to the state of null information. The measure is based on the Kullback-Leibler distance between two interspike interval distributions. The selected activity is compared with the Poisson model with the same mean firing frequency. We show that the approach is related to the notion of specific information and that the method allows us to judge the relative encoding efficiency. Two classes of neuronal activity models are classified according to their information rate: the renewal process models and the first-order Markov chain models. It has been proven that information can be transmitted changing neither the spike rate nor the coefficient of variation and that the increase in serial correlation does not necessarily increase the information gain. We employ the simple, but powerful, Vasicek's estimator of differential entropy to illustrate an application on the experimental data coming from olfactory sensory neurons of rats.
- MeSH
- akční potenciály fyziologie MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- entropie MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- Markovovy řetězce MeSH
- modely neurologické MeSH
- nervové dráhy fyziologie MeSH
- neurony fyziologie klasifikace MeSH
- počítačové zpracování signálu MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- srovnávací studie MeSH
