Hard gelatin capsules belong to the most commonly used pharmaceutical solid dosage forms but their filling using capsule filling machines is known to present many problems to their operators. Such problems are caused by relatively complicated requirements on rheological properties of capsule fillings which vary with the filling technique used as those techniques rely on different physical principles. This review provides an overview of automated and semi-automated capsule-filling processes, emphasizing the aspects of processed particulate mixture behavior in the process; this description determines the process requirements on rheological properties of capsule fillings. Rheological properties which can be used to study and optimize the filling process are discussed, as well as methods of improving those properties using the flow additives.
PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to describe clinical characteristics and bladder assessment in children with Non-Monosymptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis (NMNE) in coastal region of Croatia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Records on 85 patients with NMNE were retrospectively reviewed. Bladder assessments were performed in all children. In this research we: (i) compare clinical characteristics and features of bladder assessment: uroflowmetry, post void residuals (PVR) and bladder wall thickness between boys and girls with NMNE and we compare (ii) clinical characteristics and bladder assessment between children with primary and secondary NMNE. RESULTS: There were 46 girls and 39 boys. The total of 59 children had primary NMNE and 26 children had secondary NMNE. Uroflow pattern was abnormal in 42% of all children with NMNE. Abnormal uroflow pattern in children with NMNE was more often in girls than in boys (P < 0.05) and in children with secondary than in children with primary NMNE (P < 0.05). Ultrasound evidence of bladder wall thickness was more frequent in boys than in girls. Girls were more likely to have dysfunctional voiding and larger residual urinary volume than boys. CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal uroflow pattern in children with NMNE was more often in girls than boys and in children with secondary than in children with primary NMNE.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- močový měchýř * MeSH
- noční enuréza * MeSH
- reologie metody MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- sexuální faktory MeSH
- ultrasonografie * MeSH
- určení symptomu metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Chorvatsko MeSH
This work concerns the chemical modification of medium molecular weight hyaluronan for ophthalmic applications. The synthesis of amphiphilic HA with dodecanoyl moities was carried out under mild aqueous conditions. Perfect control of the degree of substitution was obtained by varying the molar ratio of activated fatty acid used in the reaction feed. Moreover, the preparation of the derivatives was optimized to achieve the desired degree of substitution (DS = 9.0 ± 0.2 %). The prepared hyaluronan derivatives were water-soluble and exhibited self-associating properties (amphiphilicity). The structure of the prepared derivatives was elucidated by NMR spectroscopy, rheology, turbidity, SEC-MALLS, and gas chromatography (GC). The hydrophobic moieties increase the solution viscosity by physical crosslinking. Low concentration of HAC12 is needed to prepare highly viscous solutions with potential use for ophthalmic applications. Amphiphilic HA kept the biocompatibility of hyaluronan. The degree of substitution and Mw of the amphiphilic HA controls the sterilization by filtration. The protection against desiccation was tested using human keratinocytes (HaCaT) cells lines.
- MeSH
- buněčné linie keratinocytů HaCaT MeSH
- buňky NIH 3T3 MeSH
- hydrofobní a hydrofilní interakce MeSH
- kyselina hyaluronová chemie MeSH
- kyseliny laurové chemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- molekulová hmotnost MeSH
- muciny chemie MeSH
- myši MeSH
- povrchové napětí účinky léků MeSH
- příprava léků metody MeSH
- reologie metody MeSH
- syndromy suchého oka farmakoterapie MeSH
- viabilita buněk účinky léků MeSH
- viskozita účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- zvlhčující oční kapky chemie farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Úvod: Přístrojová objektivizace nosní průchodnosti nepatří na mnoha pracovištích mezi standardní vyšetřovací metody v běžné praxi. Je to zejména díky skutečnosti, že současné možnosti měření míry nosní obstrukce vyžadují spolupráci od pacienta, jsou časově náročnější, přitom jejich výsledek nemusí být až tolik nápomocen v diagnostice. Společně s firmou Elmet, spol. s r.o. a Technickou univerzitou v Liberci byl vytvořen flowmetr – jednoduchý přístroj k měření nosní průchodnosti. Cílem práce je představit přístroj a novou klasifikaci nosní obstrukce. Metodika: Během 16 měsíců (únor 2017 – květen 2018) jsme shromažďovali data pacientů. Do studie byli zařazení pacienti zdraví, s vybočenou nosní přepážkou a s event. hypertrofií dolních nosních skořep. Pacient zaznamenal subjektivní vnímání nosní průchodnosti na VAS (vizuální analogická škála) a následně byla provedena endoskopie nosní dutiny. Každá strana nosní dutiny byla zařazena podle endoskopického obrazu do jedné z 6 skupin (částečně vycházíme z Mladinovy klasifikace deviací nosní přepážky). U každé strany nosní dutiny bylo provedeno změření nosní průchodnosti pomocí flowmetru, výsledek byl zaznamenán ve voltech (V). Výsledky: Celkem bylo vyšetřeno 73 pacientů. Do studie bylo zařazeno celkem 146 stran nosní dutiny. Skupina se stupněm nejmenší obstrukce dle endoskopického obrazu měla v průměru VAS 8,34 a amplitudu 5,42 V změřené pomocí flowmetru. Skupina s nejvyšším stupněm nosní obstrukce dle endoskopického obrazu měla VAS v průměru 4,0 a amplitudu 4,29 V změřené flowmetrem. Vyšetření zvládli všichni pacienti bez problémů či komplikací. Závěr: Flowmetr se ukazuje jako jednoduchý přístroj k rychlému zhodnocení míry nosní průchodnosti, který vyžaduje jen minimální spolupráci ze strany pacienta. Současně prezentujeme návrh nové klasifikace při hodnocení endoskopického obrazu nosní dutiny.
Aims: Measuring of nasal obstruction is not applied on most of ENT departments in the Czech Republic due to degree of cooperation required and time constraints. Flowmeter was developed as a simple device for measuring nasal obstruction. Aim of this study is to validate the device for use in ENT practice. Methods: During 16 months we collected data of healthy subjects, patients with deviated nasal septum and eventually hypertrophy of turbinates. Each side of nasal cavity was classified in accordance to endoscopy findings into one of 6 groups (partly based on Mladina classification of deviated nasal septum). Subjective perception of nasal airway was measured by VAS (visual analogue scale). Airflow in each side of nasal cavity was evaluated with flowmeter (the result is in output voltage). Results: 73 patients and total number of 146 sides of nasal cavity was included in the study. Group with the lowest degree of obstruction based on endoscopy findings has average VAS 8,34 and 5,42 V measured by flowmeter. Group with the highest degree of obstruction based on endoscopy findings has average VAS 4,0 and 4,29 V measured by flowmeter. Each patient was able to carry out the examination without problems or complications. Conclusion: Flowmeter appears to be quick method of nasal obstruction measurement with low degree of patient´s cooperation required. We present our new classification of nasal endoscopic evaluation.
- Klíčová slova
- klasifikace endoskopického obrazu,
- MeSH
- klinická studie jako téma MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nosní obstrukce * diagnóza MeSH
- reologie * metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Rheological behaviour of pharmaceutical semisolid preparations significantly affects manufacturing process, administration, stability, homogeneity of incorporated drug, accuracy of dosing, adhesion in the place of application, drug release, and resulting therapeutic effect of the product. We performed test of consistency by penetrometry, rotational, oscillation and creep tests, and squeeze and tack tests of model samples to introduce methods suitable for characterization and comparison of semisolids in practice. Penetrometry is a simple method allowing sorting the semisolids to low and high stress-resistant materials but deficient for rheological characterization of semisolids. Value of yield stress, generally considered to be appropriate feature of semisolids, is significantly influenced by the method of testing and the way of evaluation. The hysteresis loops of model semisolids revealed incomplete thixotropy, therefore, three-step thixotropy test was employed. Semisolids showed nonlinear response in the creep phase of tests and partial recovery of structure by storing energy in the recovery phase. Squeeze and tack tests seem to be convenient ways for comparison of semisolids. Our study can contribute to a better understanding of different flow behaviour of semisolids given by different physicochemical properties of excipients and can bring useful approaches to evaluation and comparison of semisolids in practice.
Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is used as a bearing material in total joint replacements. These joint replacements are in contact with the body fluids during their lifetime, resulting in material degradation. Due to the limited flow behaviour and the large number of physical entanglements of UHMWPE, some measurements (rheological measurements, determination of the gel content and extractable fraction, etc.) cannot be properly evaluated. Therefore, we have focused on accelerated aging of high density polyethylene (HDPE) in the hydrogen peroxide oxidation environment, allowing complete evaluation of degradation damage by monitoring mechanical, rheological, thermal and spectroscopic changes of the material. Perspective amine antioxidants (HALS) and the classical phenolic stabilizer α-tocopherol were used for HDPE stabilization and their effects compared. The aim of the work was to find an effective and rapid method of evaluating the antioxidant effect of newly developed stabilizers for UHMWPE using accelerated aging tests of lower molecular weight analogues. The results have shown that radiation crosslinking of HDPE leads to materials with higher sensitivity to oxidation. All tested stabilizers effectively inhibited the oxidation of HDPE. Moreover, after irradiation and subsequent aging, the branching of HALS stabilizer-containing HDPE chains took place which resulted in increased material resistance.
OBJECTIVES: Sonouroflowmetry represents a novel method for estimating urinary flow parameters. The aim of this study was to compare the urinary flow parameters acquired using sonouroflowmetry with those of standard uroflowmetry in healthy female volunteers. METHODS: Thirty-six healthy female volunteers (aged 25-54 years) were subjected to standard uroflowmetry. Simultaneously, subjects dialed a dedicated number on a mobile phone and kept recording until urination was finished. Sound data were analyzed and compared to the uroflowmetry data. Of 218 recordings, 183 were included in the final analysis. Thirty-four measurements were excluded for voided volume <150 mL or technical problems during the recording. A linear model was fitted to calculate the urinary flow parameters and the voided volume from data obtained by sonouroflowmetry. Subsequently the matching datasets of UF and SUF were compared with respect to flow time, voided volume, maximum (Qmax ) and average (Qave ) flow rate. Pearson's correlation coefficient (PCC) was used to compare parameters recorded by uroflowmetry with those calculated based on sonouroflowmetry recordings. RESULTS: A strong correlation (PCC = 0.95) was noted between uroflowmetry recorded flow time and duration of the sonouroflowmetry sound signal. The voided volume measured by uroflowmetry showed a moderate correlation (PCC = 0.68) with the calculated area under the sonouroflowmetry curve. Qmax recorded using uroflowmetry and sonouroflowmetry recorded peak sound intensity showed a weak correlation (PCC = 0.38). CONCLUSIONS: This study validates the basic concept of using sound analysis to estimate urinary flow parameters and voided volume.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lineární modely MeSH
- moč MeSH
- močení * MeSH
- reologie metody MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- urodynamika * MeSH
- zdraví dobrovolníci pro lékařské studie MeSH
- zvuková spektrografie * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The objective was to evaluate the intra-individual variability of uroflowmetry (UFM) in healthy control subjects and women suffering from stress, urge, and mixed urinary incontinence. METHODS: A total of 35 healthy controls (group A) and 105 women suffering from urinary incontinence were enrolled in the study. Thirty-five women suffered from stress urinary incontinence (group B), 35 women suffered from mixed urinary incontinence (group C), and 35 women with overactive bladder both dry and wet (group D). All participants were asked to perform UFM measurement three times. The following parameters were analyzed: voided volume (VV), peak flow (Qmax), average flow (Qave), volume-corrected peak flow cQmax (cQmax = Qmax/2√ VV), volume-corrected average flow (cQave = Qave/2√ VV), and postvoid residual volume (PVR). Statistical analysis was performed using the analysis of variance on repeated measurements. Relative error was calculated using variation coefficients reported as a percentage of the average. All descriptive characteristics were reported as means ± standard deviation (SD). p values ≤0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: No statistically significant intra-individual difference in any of the recorded parameters was identified among the three UFM recordings in groups A, C, and D. The intra-individual variability of the following parameters reached statistical significance in patients suffering from stress urinary incontinence (group B): Qmax (p = 0.0016), Qave (p = 0.0005), and cQave (p = 0.0389). A significant difference was only observed in comparison between the first and second consecutive recordings. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence supporting the high yield and good intra-individual reproducibility of UFM.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hyperaktivní močový měchýř patofyziologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- reologie metody statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- stresová inkontinence moči patofyziologie MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- urgentní inkontinence patofyziologie MeSH
- urodynamika fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- hodnotící studie MeSH
Bile is one of 32 bio-fluids in the human body. Lithogenic bile (bile with tendency for the gallstones formation) is the pathological state of bile. Rheological properties of lithogenic bile differ from normal one. The Vateri's papilla is the narrowest duct in the biliary system. Peristaltic motion plays important role in the bile flow in the Vateri's papilla. In the literature, there are many papers devoted to peristaltic flow of fluids in the infinite length tubes. There are not many papers devoted to peristaltic flow of fluids in the finite length tubes. Modelling of peristaltic flow in the finite length tubes requires the imposing of boundary conditions on the ends of a tube. It leads to problem statement complication and to obtain the problem solution is getting harder. The current paper aims at developing mathematical model of the peristaltic bile transport flow through the duct at papillary stenosis as a tapered finite-length tube. It allows evaluating velocities and pressure distribution along the tube, and detecting choledochopancreatic reflux occurrence conditions. Adopting the perturbation method, the analytical solutions for velocities and pressures are obtained. Pressure distribution versus axial coordinate at different time instants are plotted for various values of Weissenberg number and amplitude ratio. It revealed that the amplitude ratio has more effect on the pressure distribution along the tube compared to the Weissenberg number. The values of the pressure gradient corresponding to reflux occurring are obtained. The comparison between developed model and numerical peristaltic model code implemented in ANSYS was made. Moreover, it is reported that the pressure drop value corresponding to average flow rate equal to zero may serve as reflux occurrence criterion. Moreover, channel shape optimization was made for subsequent stent installation to restore normal bile flow using Nelder-Mead method.
- MeSH
- ampulla Vateri anatomie a histologie diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- dysfunkce Oddiho svěrače * diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- Oddiho svěrač anatomie a histologie MeSH
- peristaltika fyziologie MeSH
- počítačové modelování podle konkrétního pacienta MeSH
- reologie metody MeSH
- teoretické modely MeSH
- vyprazdňování žlučníku fyziologie MeSH
- žlučové kameny MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- MeSH
- intrakraniální aneurysma chirurgie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- objem krve v mozku * MeSH
- reologie metody přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- rychlost toku krve MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakty MeSH
