BACKGROUND: The genetic and epigenetic alterations observed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) contribute to its heterogeneity, influencing disease progression response to therapy, and patient outcomes. The use of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) technology allows for the design of oligonucleotide inhibitors based on gene sequence information alone, enabling precise targeting of key molecular pathways or specific genes implicated in AML. METHODS AND RESULTS: Midostaurin, a FLT3 specific inhibitor and ASOs targeting particular genes, exons, or mutations was conducted using AML models. This ASOs treatment was designed to bind to exon 7 of the MBNL1 (muscleblind-like) gene. Another target was the FLT3 gene, focusing on two aspects: (a) FLT3-ITD (internal tandem duplication), to inhibit the expression of this aberrant gene form, and (b) the FLT3 in general. Treated and untreated cells were analyzed using quantitative PCR (qPCR), dot blot, and Raman spectroscopy. This study contrasts midostaurin with ASOs that inhibit FLT3 protein production or its isoforms via mRNA degradation. A trend of increased FLT3 expression was observed in midostaurin-treated cells, while ASO-treated cells showed decreased expression, though these changes were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: In AML, exon 7 of MBNL1 is involved in several cellular processes and in this study, exon 7 of MBNL1 was targeted for method optimization, with the highest block of the exon 7 gene variant observed 48 h post-transfection. Midostaurin, a multitargeted kinase inhibitor, acts against the receptor tyrosine kinase FLT3, a critical molecule in AML pathogenesis. While midostaurin blocks FLT3 signaling pathways, it paradoxically increases FLT3 expression.
- MeSH
- akutní myeloidní leukemie * genetika farmakoterapie MeSH
- antisense oligonukleotidy * farmakologie genetika MeSH
- exony genetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
- proteiny vázající RNA genetika metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u leukemie účinky léků MeSH
- staurosporin * analogy a deriváty farmakologie MeSH
- tyrosinkinasa 3 podobná fms * genetika antagonisté a inhibitory metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Low curability of patients diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) must be seen as a call for better understanding the disease's mechanisms and improving the treatment strategy. Therapeutic outcome of the crucial anthracycline-based induction therapy often can be compromised by a resistant phenotype associated with overexpression of ABCB1 transporters. Here, we evaluated clinical relevance of ABCB1 in a context of the FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) inhibitor midostaurin in a set of 28 primary AML samples. ABCB1 gene expression was absolutely quantified, confirming its association with CD34 positivity, adverse cytogenetic risk, and unachieved complete remission (CR). Midostaurin, identified as an ABCB1 inhibitor, increased anthracycline accumulation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of CD34+ AML patients and those not achieving CR. This effect was independent of FLT3 mutation, indicating even FLT3- AML patients might benefit from midostaurin therapy. In line with these data, midostaurin potentiated proapoptotic processes in ABCB1-overexpressing leukemic cells when combined with anthracyclines. Furthermore, we report a direct linkage of miR-9 to ABCB1 efflux activity in the PBMC and propose miR-9 as a useful prognostic marker in AML. Overall, we highlight the therapeutic value of midostaurin as more than just a FLT3 inhibitor, suggesting its maximal therapeutic outcomes might be very sensitive to proper timing and well-optimized dosage schemes based upon patient's characteristics, such as CD34 positivity and ABCB1 activity. Moreover, we suggest miR-9 as a predictive ABCB1-related biomarker that could be immensely helpful in identifying ABCB1-resistant AML phenotype to enable optimized therapeutic regimen and improved treatment outcome.
- MeSH
- akutní myeloidní leukemie * farmakoterapie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- antracykliny farmakologie MeSH
- inhibitory proteinkinas farmakologie MeSH
- leukocyty mononukleární účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikro RNA * genetika metabolismus MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- P-glykoproteiny * genetika metabolismus MeSH
- staurosporin * analogy a deriváty farmakologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Akútna myeloidná leukémia (AML) je prevažne ochorenie starších pacientov. V poslednom období sa prežívanie tejto skupiny chorých zlepšuje, rovnako ako aj ich kvalita života, na ktorú sa kladie veľký dôraz, s ohľadom na limitujúce aspekty tejto závažnej onkohematologickej choroby. V ére cielenej terapie s novými liečebnými prípravkami sa úspešnosť efektu terapie AML, vynímajúc z tejto skupiny samostatný podtyp akútnej promyelocytárnej leukémie (APL), ktorá má vlastný liečebný režim, výrazne zlepšila. Zároveň umožnila vznik termínu tzv. semi-intenzívny terapeutický prístup, ktorý môže slúžiť ako premostenie k alogénnej transplantácii, tzv. bridge to transplant, a tým dať starším pacientom šancu na vyliečenie pri zníženej chemoterapeutickej toxicite. Najviac diskutovanou skupinou sú pacienti od 60 do 65 rokov, ktorí síce môžu dostať intenzívnu chemoterapiu, ale preto, že na túto skupinu už pripadá viacero pridružených komorbidít a biologický fakt starnutia, niektorí pacienti z intenzívnej chemoterapie s kuratívnym zámerom nemusia profitovať. Zhodnotenie celkového výkonnostného stavu a zvolenie správnej cielenej terapie podľa molekulárnej genetiky, cytogenetiky a z toho plynúcich prognostických skupín AML je kľúčové pre celkový benefit pacienta.
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is predominantly a disease of elderly patients. Recently, the survival rates in this group have improved, as has the quality of life on which great emphasis is placed, given the limiting aspects of this serious haematological malignancy. In the era of targeted therapy with novel medicinal products, the efficacy rate of AML treatment, excluding the distinct subtype of acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) which has its own treatment regimen, has improved significantly. At the same time, a new term has been coined - semi-intensive therapeutic approach which can serve as a bridge to allogeneic transplantation (bridge-to-transplant), thus giving elderly patients a chance for a cure with reduced chemotherapeutic toxicity. The most widely discussed group is that of patients aged 60 to 65 years who can receive intensive chemotherapy; however, since this group is burdened with multiple associated comorbidities and with the biological fact of ageing, some patients may not benefit from intensive chemotherapy with a curative intent. An assessment of the overall performance status and choosing the right targeted therapy based on molecular genetics, cytogenetics, and the resulting prognostic AML groups are crucial for the patient's overall benefit.
- Klíčová slova
- midostaurin, gilteritinib, glasdegib,
- MeSH
- akutní myeloidní leukemie * farmakoterapie genetika MeSH
- aniliny terapeutické užití MeSH
- antitumorózní látky * terapeutické užití MeSH
- benzimidazoly terapeutické užití MeSH
- cytarabin terapeutické užití MeSH
- daunomycin terapeutické užití MeSH
- gemtuzumab terapeutické užití MeSH
- inhibitory proteinkinas terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- protoonkogenní proteiny c-bcl-2 antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- staurosporin analogy a deriváty MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
Midostaurin is an FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 receptor (FLT3) inhibitor that provides renewed hope for treating acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). The limited efficacy of this compound as a monotherapy contrasts with that of its synergistic combination with standard cytarabine and daunorubicin (Dau), suggesting a therapeutic benefit that is not driven only by FLT3 inhibition. In an AML context, the activity of the enzyme aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) is a crucial factor in chemotherapy resistance, as it mediates the intracellular transformation of anthracyclines to less active hydroxy metabolites. Here, we report that midostaurin is a potent inhibitor of Dau inactivation mediated by AKR1C3 in both its recombinant form as well as during its overexpression in a transfected cell model. Likewise, in the FLT3- AML cell line KG1a, midostaurin was able to increase the cellular accumulation of Dau and significantly decrease its metabolism by AKR1C3 simultaneously. The combination of those mechanisms increased the nuclear localization of Dau, thus synergizing its cytotoxic effects on KG1a cells. Our results provide new in vitro evidence of how the therapeutic activity of midostaurin could operate beyond targeting the FLT3 receptor.
- MeSH
- akutní myeloidní leukemie farmakoterapie enzymologie genetika patologie MeSH
- biotransformace MeSH
- daunomycin metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- HCT116 buňky MeSH
- inhibitory enzymů farmakologie MeSH
- kolorektální nádory farmakoterapie enzymologie genetika patologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- protein AKR1C3 antagonisté a inhibitory genetika metabolismus MeSH
- protokoly antitumorózní kombinované chemoterapie farmakologie MeSH
- staurosporin analogy a deriváty farmakologie MeSH
- synergismus léků MeSH
- tyrosinkinasa 3 podobná fms antagonisté a inhibitory genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Ač je akutní myeloidní leukemie onemocnění s rostoucí incidencí, v posledních desetiletích nedošlo v její léčbě k radikálnímu posunu k lepšímu a prognóza pacientů se zlepšuje pouze pozvolna. V posledních několika letech se však v terapii akutní myeloidní leukemie objevují léčiva, která reprezentují tzv. cílenou léčbu a mají jistou zásluhu na zlepšení. Článek je zaměřen na přehled základních farmakologických vlastností nových léčiv používaných v terapii akutní myeloidní leukemie, zejména na mechanizmus účinku, nejčastější nežádoucí účinky a jejich management či lékové interakce z pohledu klinického farmaceuta.
Although the incidence of acute myeloid leukaemia is on the rise, there has been no radical improvement in its treatment in recent decades and the prognosis of patients is improving only gradually. Drugs for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia that have appeared in the past few years and that represent so-called targeted therapy have been responsible for this improvement. This article focuses on an overview of the basic pharmacological properties of new drugs used in the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, especially their mechanism of action, their most common adverse reactions and their management or drug interactions from the perspective of the clinical pharmacist.
- Klíčová slova
- midostaurin, gilteritinib, ivosidenib, enasidenib, venetoklax, glasdegib,
- MeSH
- akutní myeloidní leukemie * farmakoterapie MeSH
- antitumorózní látky farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- gemtuzumab farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- inhibitory proteinkinas farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- lékové interakce MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nežádoucí účinky léčiv MeSH
- staurosporin analogy a deriváty farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- MeSH
- adrenalin terapeutické užití MeSH
- antialergika MeSH
- antihistaminika aplikace a dávkování farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- Aspirin aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- bisfosfonáty terapeutické užití MeSH
- imunologické faktory MeSH
- individualizovaná medicína MeSH
- inhibitory enzymů MeSH
- inhibitory kostní resorpce MeSH
- interferon alfa terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mastocytóza * diagnóza farmakoterapie patologie MeSH
- mastocyty patologie účinky léků MeSH
- omalizumab terapeutické užití MeSH
- staurosporin analogy a deriváty terapeutické užití MeSH
- tyrosinkinasy antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- daratumumab,
- MeSH
- akutní myeloidní leukemie farmakoterapie genetika MeSH
- antitumorózní látky terapeutické užití MeSH
- aurora kinasa A antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- azepiny terapeutické užití MeSH
- bcr-abl fúzové proteiny antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- chiméra MeSH
- hematologie * MeSH
- kongresy jako téma MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mnohočetný myelom farmakoterapie terapie MeSH
- monoklonální protilátky terapeutické užití MeSH
- periferní T-buněčný lymfom farmakoterapie MeSH
- pyrimidiny terapeutické užití MeSH
- společnosti lékařské MeSH
- staurosporin analogy a deriváty terapeutické užití MeSH
- T-lymfocyty transplantace MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- zprávy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Spojené státy americké MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- vosaroxin, quizartinib, midostaurin,
- MeSH
- akutní myeloidní leukemie * etiologie farmakoterapie patologie MeSH
- aminoglykosidy škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- azacytidin analogy a deriváty farmakokinetika farmakologie škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- benzothiazoly škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- chemoterapie konsolidační metody MeSH
- cílená molekulární terapie * metody MeSH
- decitabin MeSH
- fenylmočovinové sloučeniny škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- gemtuzumab MeSH
- humanizované monoklonální protilátky škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- indukční chemoterapie metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- naftyridiny škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- niacinamid analogy a deriváty škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- paliativní péče MeSH
- protokoly antitumorózní kombinované chemoterapie * aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- protokoly protinádorové léčby MeSH
- sorafenib MeSH
- staurosporin analogy a deriváty škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- thiazoly škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to explore the strategy of combining Chk1 inhibitors with ionizing radiation (IR) to selectively target p53-deficient cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Survival and cell cycle progression were measured in response to IR and the Chk1 inhibitors, UCN-01 and CEP-3891, in colon carcinoma HCT116 p53+/+ and p53-/- cells, and in osteosarcoma U2OS-VP16 cells with conditional expression of dominant-negative p53 (p53DD). RESULTS: Clonogenic survival was selectively reduced in HCT116 p53-/- compared to p53+/+ cells after treatment with UCN-01 and IR, and HCT116 p53+/+ cells also displayed strong p53-dependent G(1) arrest in the 1st cell cycle after IR. In contrast, clonogenic survival was affected similarly in U2OS-VP16 cells with and without expression of p53DD. However, death of U2OS-VP16 cells was p53 dependent as assessed by cell viability assay at 72 h, and this was associated with p53-dependent G(1) arrest in the 2nd cell cycle after treatment. Notably, HCT116 cells were overall more resistant than U2OS cells to cytotoxic effects of Chk1 inhibitors. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that p53-dependent G(1) arrest in both 1st and 2nd cell cycles may protect human cancer cells from cell death after treatment with IR and Chk1 inhibitors. However, a challenge for future clinical use will be that different cancers display different intrinsic sensitivity to such inhibitors.
- MeSH
- buněčná smrt účinky léků genetika MeSH
- buněčný cyklus * účinky léků genetika účinky záření MeSH
- geny p53 účinky léků MeSH
- HCT116 buňky MeSH
- ionizující záření MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádorový supresorový protein p53 * genetika metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- nádory nervového systému genetika MeSH
- nádory tračníku * farmakoterapie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- nádory * genetika MeSH
- proteinkinasy MeSH
- staurosporin analogy a deriváty MeSH
- viabilita buněk účinky léků genetika účinky záření MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Human checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) is an essential kinase required to preserve genome stability. Here, we show that Chk1 inhibition by two distinct drugs, UCN-01 and CEP-3891, or by Chk1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) leads to phosphorylation of ATR targets. Chk1-inhibition triggered rapid, pan-nuclear phosphorylation of histone H2AX, p53, Smc1, replication protein A, and Chk1 itself in human S-phase cells. These phosphorylations were inhibited by ATR siRNA and caffeine, but they occurred independently of ATM. Chk1 inhibition also caused an increased initiation of DNA replication, which was accompanied by increased amounts of nonextractable RPA protein, formation of single-stranded DNA, and induction of DNA strand breaks. Moreover, these responses were prevented by siRNA-mediated downregulation of Cdk2 or the replication initiation protein Cdc45, or by addition of the CDK inhibitor roscovitine. We propose that Chk1 is required during normal S phase to avoid aberrantly increased initiation of DNA replication, thereby protecting against DNA breakage. These results may help explain why Chk1 is an essential kinase and should be taken into account when drugs to inhibit this kinase are considered for use in cancer treatment.
- MeSH
- ATM protein MeSH
- checkpoint kinasa 2 MeSH
- chromozomální proteiny, nehistonové metabolismus MeSH
- DNA vazebné proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- fosforylace MeSH
- histony metabolismus MeSH
- inhibitory proteinkinas farmakologie MeSH
- jednovláknová DNA metabolismus MeSH
- kofein farmakologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- malá interferující RNA farmakologie genetika MeSH
- nádorový supresorový protein p53 metabolismus MeSH
- poškození DNA * fyziologie MeSH
- protein-serin-threoninkinasy fyziologie účinky léků MeSH
- proteinkinasy farmakologie fyziologie genetika MeSH
- proteiny buněčného cyklu fyziologie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- puriny farmakologie MeSH
- replikace DNA fyziologie účinky léků MeSH
- replikační protein A MeSH
- staurosporin * analogy a deriváty farmakologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH