BACKGROUND & AIMS: Reward circuitry in the brain plays a key role in weight regulation. We tested the effects of a plant-based meal on these brain regions. METHODS: A randomized crossover design was used to test the effects of two energy- and macronutrient-matched meals: a vegan (V-meal) and a conventional meat (M-meal) on brain activity, gastrointestinal hormones, and satiety in participants with type 2 diabetes (T2D; n = 20), overweight/obese participants (O; n = 20), and healthy controls (H; n = 20). Brain perfusion was measured, using arterial spin labeling functional brain imaging; satiety was assessed using a visual analogue scale; and plasma concentrations of gut hormones were determined at 0 and 180 min. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was applied. The Hedge's g statistic was used to measure the effect size for means of paired difference between the times (180-0 min) and meal types (M-V meal) for each group. RESULTS: Thalamus perfusion was the highest in patients with T2D and the lowest in overweight/obese individuals (p = 0.001). Thalamus perfusion decreased significantly after ingestion of the M-meal in men with T2D (p = 0.04) and overweight/obese men (p = 0.004), and it decreased significantly after ingestion of the V-meal in healthy controls (p < 0.001; Group x Meal x Time: F = 3.4; p = 0.035). The effect size was -0.41 (95% CI, -1.14 to 0.31; p = 0.26) for men with diabetes; -0.72 (95% CI, -1.48 to 0.01; p = 0.05) for overweight/obese men; and 0.82 (95% CI, 0.09 to 1.59; p = 0.03) for healthy men. Postprandial secretion of active GLP-1 increased after the V-meal compared with the M-meal by 42% (95% CI 25-62%; p = 0.003) in men with T2D and by 41% (95% CI 24-61%; p = 0.002) in healthy controls. Changes in thalamus perfusion after ingestion of both test meals correlated with changes in satiety (r = +0.68; p < 0.01), fasting plasma insulin (r = +0.40; p < 0.01), C-peptide (r = +0.48; p < 0.01) and amylin (r = +0.55; p < 0.01), and insulin secretion at 5 mmol/l (r = +0.77; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The higher postprandial GLP-1 secretion after the V-meal in men with T2D, with concomitant greater satiety and changes in thalamus perfusion, suggest a potential use of plant-based meals in addressing the key pathophysiologic mechanisms of food intake regulation. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02474147.
- MeSH
- diabetes mellitus 2. typu metabolismus MeSH
- dieta vegetariánská metody MeSH
- dieta metody MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- energetický příjem * MeSH
- jídla MeSH
- klinické křížové studie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nadváha metabolismus MeSH
- obezita metabolismus MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- thalamus krevní zásobení metabolismus MeSH
- živiny metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
The present study has examined the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effect of 2R,4R-4-aminopyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate (2R,4R-APDC), a selective agonist for group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) when given 10-15 min after the onset of seizures induced in 12-day-old rats by bilateral icv infusion of DL-homocysteic acid (DL-HCA, 600 nmol/side). For biochemical analyses, rat pups were sacrificed during generalized clonic-tonic seizures, approximately 45-50 min after infusion of DL-HCA. Comparable time intervals were used for sacrificing the animals which received 2R,4R-APDC (0.05 nmol/side) or saline. The severity of seizures was influenced only slightly when the agonist was given after the onset of seizures, as evaluated both from the behavioral symptoms and from EEG recordings. A tendency to lower number and a shorter duration of seizures was outlined in animals posttreated with 2R,4R-APDC, but the differences did not reach the level of statistical significance. Cortical energy metabolite changes which normally accompany seizures in immature rats (large decrease of glucose and glycogen and a marked rise of lactate) were ameliorated only partially. The neuroprotective effect of 2R,4R-APDC was evaluated after 24 h and 6 days of survival following DL-HCA-induced seizures. Massive neuronal degeneration in many brain regions, mainly in the hippocampus and thalamus, following infusion of DL-HCA alone was only partially attenuated after 2R,4R-APDC posttreatment. The present findings clearly indicate that both anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effect of 2R,4R-APDC against DL-HCA-induced seizures is substantially diminished when the agonist is given after the onset of seizures as compared with its efficacy after the pretreatment (Exp. Neurol.192, 420-436, 2005).
- MeSH
- agonisté excitačních aminokyselin terapeutické užití MeSH
- cytoprotekce fyziologie účinky léků MeSH
- degenerace nervu chemicky indukované patofyziologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- epilepsie farmakoterapie metabolismus patofyziologie MeSH
- hipokampus metabolismus růst a vývoj účinky léků MeSH
- homocystein analogy a deriváty farmakologie MeSH
- konvulziva farmakologie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lékové interakce fyziologie MeSH
- mozek metabolismus růst a vývoj účinky léků MeSH
- neuroprotektivní látky terapeutické užití MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- prolin analogy a deriváty terapeutické užití MeSH
- receptory metabotropního glutamátu agonisté metabolismus MeSH
- rozvrh dávkování léků MeSH
- stárnutí metabolismus MeSH
- thalamus metabolismus růst a vývoj účinky léků MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Our study followed the changes in thalamic nuclei metabolism, hindlimb sensitivity to thermal stimulation, and locomotor function after spinal cord injury (SCI). MR spectroscopy (MRS) was used to examine the thalamic nuclei of rats 1 day before and 1, 3, 6, and 15 days after SCI or sham surgery. All animals were tested before MRS measurements for motor performance and thermal sensitivity. SCI induced by balloon compression caused complete paraplegia from the first to third day, followed by partial functional recovery during the second week. MRS revealed an increase in N-acetylaspartate (NAA) concentration in the thalamic nuclei on the first day after SCI, which decreased by the third day. The data also showed an increase in inositol (Ins), glutamate, and creatine (Cr) concentrations on the third day postinjury; the Ins concentration remained elevated on the sixth day. In sham-operated animals an increase in NAA concentration was observed on the sixth and fifteenth days after surgery and an increase in Cr concentration on the third day. A positive correlation between Ins concentration and hindlimb sensitivity in both SCI and sham-operated animals suggests changes in glial activity, while changes in NAA levels may indicate the response of thalamic neuronal cells to injury. (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
- MeSH
- analýza rozptylu MeSH
- cholin metabolismus MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- inositol metabolismus MeSH
- kreatin metabolismus MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- kyselina asparagová analogy a deriváty metabolismus MeSH
- kyselina glutamová metabolismus MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční spektroskopie metody MeSH
- poranění míchy metabolismus MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- protony MeSH
- thalamus metabolismus MeSH
- vysoká teplota MeSH
- zadní končetina fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
PURPOSE: To investigate possible neuronal dysfunction of the thalamus in patients suffering from typical absence epilepsy, using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Special attention was paid to levels of N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and creatine (Cr), and to the NAA/Cr ratio. METHODS: MRS was performed over the right and left thalamus in nine patients suffering from typical absence epilepsy, and in nine sex- and age-matched healthy controls. All patients and controls were examined using a standard MRS-CSI (chemical shift imaging) technique. RESULTS: Statistical analysis of the obtained data demonstrated a significantly lower thalamic NAA/Cr ratio in patients with typical absence epilepsy when compared to the healthy controls. Our MRS data showed symmetrical distribution of NAA/Cr ratio in the right and left thalamus within both the patient group and the group of healthy controls. No significant correlation between the patients' thalamic NAA/Cr values and the duration of the epilepsy or seizure frequency was revealed. CONCLUSIONS: The present MRS data clearly indicate neuronal dysfunction in the thalami of patients with typical absence epilepsy. In agreement with other recent MRS findings in different idiopathic generalized epilepsy syndromes, our results confirm the role of the thalamus as an important structure in the pathogenesis of typical absence epilepsy.
- MeSH
- absentní epilepsie patofyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- kreatin metabolismus MeSH
- kyselina asparagová analogy a deriváty metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční spektroskopie MeSH
- neurony fyziologie MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- thalamus metabolismus patofyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- MeSH
- ethylaminy analýza chemie metabolismus MeSH
- finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
- halucinogeny analýza chemie metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neurobiologie MeSH
- receptory N-methyl-D-aspartátu agonisté chemie metabolismus MeSH
- thalamus metabolismus patofyziologie účinky léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- MeSH
- Ca(2+)-Mg(2+)-ATPasa metabolismus MeSH
- hypothalamus metabolismus MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lithium aplikace a dávkování metabolismus terapeutické užití MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- mozková kůra metabolismus MeSH
- sodíko-draslíková ATPasa metabolismus MeSH
- thalamus metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- MeSH
- bolest MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- thalamus fyziologie metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
