• MeSH
• chronická obstrukční plicní nemoc epidemiologie   mortalita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• plicní nemoci * epidemiologie   etiologie   klasifikace   MeSH
• užívání tabáku škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• novinové články MeSH

Drug addiction causes constant serious health, social, and economic burden within the human society. The current drug dependence pharmacotherapies, particularly relapse prevention, remain limited, unsatisfactory, unreliable for opioids and tobacco, and even symptomatic for stimulants and cannabinoids, thus, new more effective treatment strategies are researched. The antagonism of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type A (GHS-R1A) has been recently proposed as a novel alcohol addiction treatment strategy, and it has been intensively studied in experimental models of other addictive drugs, such as nicotine, stimulants, opioids and cannabinoids. The role of ghrelin signaling in these drugs effects has also been investigated. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of preclinical and clinical studies focused on ghrelin's/GHS-R1A possible involvement in these nonalcohol addictive drugs reinforcing effects and addiction. Although the investigation is still in its early stage, majority of the existing reviewed experimental results from rodents with the addition of few human studies, that searched correlations between the genetic variations of the ghrelin signaling or the ghrelin blood content with the addictive drugs effects, have indicated the importance of the ghrelin's/GHS-R1As involvement in the nonalcohol abused drugs pro-addictive effects. Further research is necessary to elucidate the exact involved mechanisms and to verify the future potential utilization and safety of the GHS-R1A antagonism use for these drug addiction therapies, particularly for reducing the risk of relapse.

• MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
• ghrelin metabolismus   MeSH
• klinická studie jako téma MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• náchylnost k nemoci MeSH
• nikotin škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• poruchy spojené s užíváním psychoaktivních látek etiologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• posilování (psychologie) MeSH
• receptory ghrelinu metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce * MeSH
• stimulanty centrálního nervového systému škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• užívání tabáku škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND: The dominant risk factor for urinary bladder cancer has been cigarette smoking, but, as smoking prevalence is decreasing in many populations, other risk factors may become uncovered. Such new risk factors could be responsible for halting the declining incidence of bladder cancer. We hypothesize that snuff use by Swedish men may increase the rate for bladder cancer, as snuff contains carcinogenic nitrosamines. METHODS: We carried out an ecological study by comparing incidence trends in lung and bladder cancers between Danish, Finnish and Swedish men in order to test if the Swedish bladder cancer rate deviates from the Danish and Finnish ones. We used the NORDCAN database for cancer data from 1960 through 2016 to test the hypothesis. RESULTS: In the three countries, the incidence of lung cancer started to decrease after a peak incidence, and this was later followed by declining incidence in bladder cancer in Denmark from 1990 to 2016 by 14.3%, in Finland by 8.3% but not in Sweden (the decline of 1.4% was not significant). The difference in trends can be partly explained by the increasing incidence in Swedish men aged 70 or more years. Sweden differs from the two other countries by low male smoking prevalence but increasing use of snuff recorded by various surveys. CONCLUSION: The stable bladder cancer trend for Swedish men was opposite to the declining trends in Denmark, Finland and globally. We suggest that this unusual finding may be related to the increasing use of snuff by Swedish men. Average users of snuff are exposed to at least 3 times higher levels of carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines than a smoker of one daily pack of cigarettes.

• MeSH
• bezdýmný tabák škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory močového měchýře epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• nádory plic epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• registrace statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• užívání tabáku škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Dánsko MeSH
• Finsko MeSH
• Švédsko MeSH

This policy briefing focuses on the interplay between mental health conditions and tobacco use. It reviews the evidence behind tobacco control interventions targeting people with mental health conditions and explains why they should be implemented. The suggested key policy recommendations to reduce smoking prevalence in people with mental health conditions include ensuring completely smoke-free health services, targeting mental health professionals through awareness campaigns and investing in tobacco cessation tailored to individuals with mental health conditions.

• MeSH
• duševní zdraví MeSH
• poruchy vyvolané užíváním tabáku prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• ukončení užívání tabáku MeSH
• užívání tabáku škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• zdravotnické služby MeSH

• Konspekt
• Veřejné zdraví a hygiena
• NLK Obory
• veřejné zdravotnictví
• psychiatrie
• NLK Publikační typ
• publikace WHO

BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer is a major urological disease, with approximately 550 000 new cases diagnosed in 2018. OBJECTIVE: We examined gender-specific incidence and mortality patterns, and trends of bladder cancer from a global perspective. We further investigated their associations with tobacco use and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We retrieved data on the incidence and mortality of bladder cancer from the GLOBOCAN database, Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, and the WHO mortality database. Data on the rate of tobacco use were retrieved from the WHO Global Health Observatory. Data on GDP per capita was retrieved from the United Nations Human Development Report. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: We performed two sets of analyses. The first set of analysis is based on bladder cancer incidence and mortality data in 2018. The gender-specific age-standardised rates (ASRs) of incidence and mortality, and their correlations with the rate of tobacco use and GDP per capita were investigated. A multivariable linear regression analysis was also performed. In the second set of analysis, we examined the 10-yr temporal trends of bladder cancer incidence and mortality by average annual percent change using joinpoint regression analysis. A further exploratory analysis on GDP per capita in countries with decreasing trends of tobacco use was also performed. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Wide variations in bladder cancer incidence and mortality were observed globally. There were positive correlations between the rate of tobacco use and the ASRs of bladder cancer incidence (r=0.20) and mortality (r=0.38) in men, and between the rate of tobacco use and the ASRs of bladder cancer incidence (r=0.67) and mortality (r=0.22) in women. There were positive correlations between GDP per capita, and the ASRs of bladder cancer incidence in men (r=0.48) and women (r=0.44). There was a weak positive correlation between GDP per capita and bladder cancer mortality in men (r=0.19), but no correlation with bladder cancer mortality in women (r=0.06). Upon multivariable linear regression analysis, tobacco use was significantly associated with bladder cancer incidence and mortality in men, and bladder cancer incidence in women. Regarding the 10-yr temporal trends of bladder cancer, Europe has an increasing incidence but decreasing mortality, and Asia has a decreasing incidence but increasing male mortality. Among countries with decreasing trends of tobacco use, the mean GDP per capita was higher in countries with decreasing trends of bladder cancer mortality than in those with increasing trends of bladder cancer mortality. A major limitation of the study is that cancer incidence might be underdetected and under-reported in less developed nations. CONCLUSIONS: There were observable trends of bladder cancer incidence and mortality globally. Tobacco use was significantly associated with both bladder cancer incidence and mortality. A certain level of economic capacity might be needed to further reduce bladder cancer mortality in countries with a decreasing trend of tobacco use. PATIENT SUMMARY: There are different trends of bladder cancer incidence and mortality globally. Smoking is significantly associated with the incidence and mortality of bladder cancer. A higher financial capacity may be needed to further improve the disease outcomes.

• MeSH
• celosvětové zdraví * MeSH
• hrubý domácí produkt * MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory močového měchýře epidemiologie   mortalita   MeSH
• rozložení podle pohlaví MeSH
• užívání tabáku škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

VÝCHODISKA: Média mají zásadní roli v edukaci populace včetně oblasti týkající se vlivu kouření na zdraví, ekonomiku a možnosti léčby závislosti na tabáku. Tato epidemie je příčinou šestiny všech úmrtí v ČR: více než AIDS, alkohol, nelegální drogy a dopravní nehody dohromady. CÍL: Zmapovat zájem a znalosti pracovníků médií týkající se tabákové epidemie. METODIKA A SOUBOR: S dotazníkem s 15 otázkami na základní fakta související s užíváním tabáku a nabídkou správných odpovědí jsme oslovili 213 pracovníků všech typů médií adresným mailem, dalších 629 podle kontaktů na webech jejich médií. Získali jsme celkem 39 validně vyplněných dotazníků - návratnost 4,63 %. VÝSLEDKY: Při návratnosti necelých 5 % jsme předpokládali, že odpovídali spíše ti, kdo se problematikou zabývají. Přesto převažovaly správné odpovědi jen na polovinu otázek (8 ze 16 možných odpovědí). ZÁVĚR: Překvapující je zejména malý zájem médií o tabákovou epidemii, nulový zájem ekonomických redakcí, někdy i reakce negativní (1,88 %). Tím spíše, že můžeme předpokládat, že odpovídali spíše ti zasvěcení, byla úroveň znalostí v konirastu s významem užívání tabáku velmi slabá.

BACKGROUND: The media have a vital role to play in edueating the population about the effects of smoking on health and the economy and the possibility of treatment for tobacco dependence. This epidemic is responsible for one sixth of all the deaths in the country, more than AIDS, alcohoi, illegal drugs, and street accidents combined. AIMS: To map media workers' interest in and knowledge of the tobacco epidemic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A questionnaire with 15 questions on the basic facts associated with tobacco use and control, including an offer of correct answers. We contacted 213 workers across all types of media by addressable mail. Another 629 contacts were made using emails available from media websites. We received a total of 39 validly completed questionnaires - a responsnse rate of 4.63%. RESULTS: With the response rate of 5%, we assumed that answers were provided mainly by those who have been dealing with the issue. However, the most correct answers occurred in only half of the questions (8 out of 16 possible answers). CONCLUSION: Surprisingly, the media showed little interest in the tobacco epidemic, and zero interest was found on the part of editors responsible 'or economic matters, with even some negative reactions being experienced (1.88%). While the answers were presumably provided by those media workers who are concerned with the issue, their understanding of the problem seemed very poor in contrast with the impact of tobacco use.

• Klíčová slova
• Problematika užívání tabáku v českých médiích,
• MeSH
• behaviorální výzkum metody   pracovní síly   trendy   MeSH
• hromadné sdělovací prostředky * trendy   využití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• poruchy vyvolané užíváním tabáku prevence a kontrola   psychologie   terapie   MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky * normy   využití   MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• užívání tabáku * prevence a kontrola   škodlivé účinky   terapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH