BACKGROUND/AIMS: The ewe is increasingly being used as an animal model for pelvic floor disorders. The aim was to further characterize changes in the vaginal properties during its entire lifespan. METHODS: Vaginal tissues were collected at different stages of reproductive life (neonatal, prepubescence, nulliparous, primiparous, multiparous, and menopausal; ≥6 ewes/group). Vaginal size, as well as active and passive biomechanics, was measured. Microscopy included thickness of glycogen, epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis thickness, densities of collagen, elastin, smooth muscle, and nerves. RESULTS: Vaginal dimensions increase during adolescence, peak at reproductive levels, and decrease sharply after ovariectomy. One year after first delivery, the distal vagina gets more compliant, yet this is reversed later in life. The thickness of glycogen staining epithelial layers changed with puberty and menopause. The epithelium was markedly thicker after multiple deliveries. The thickness of lamina propria and muscularis increased in puberty and in nulliparous. Semi-quantitative collagen assessment demonstrated a lower collagen and higher elastin content after first and multiple deliveries. CONCLUSION: The changes in the ovine vaginal wall during representative moments of her lifespan parallel those observed in women.
- MeSH
- dlouhověkost fyziologie MeSH
- menopauza fyziologie MeSH
- modely u zvířat MeSH
- ovarektomie MeSH
- ovce MeSH
- parita fyziologie MeSH
- rozmnožování fyziologie MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- vagina anatomie a histologie fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: Lake Tanganyika harbours the most diverse cichlid assemblage of the Great African Lakes. Considering its cichlid flocks consist of approximately 250 endemic species, we can hypothesize a high species-richness in their often quite host-specific monogenean ectoparasites belonging to Cichlidogyrus Paperna, 1960. Yet, only 24 species were described from Tanganyikan hosts and some host tribes have never been investigated for monogeneans. This study presents the first parasitological examination of species of the tribes Cyprichromini (Cyprichromis microlepidotus (Poll, 1956)), Eretmodini (Eretmodus marksmithi Burgess, 2012 and Tanganicodus irsacae Poll, 1950) and Ectodini (Aulonocranus dewindti (Boulenger, 1899)). Specimens of the ectodine Ophthalmotilapia nasuta (Poll & Matthes, 1962) from which four Cichlidogyrus spp. have been previously described from more southern localities were also studied. Further, we discuss the haptor configuration in Tanganyikan Cichlidogyrus spp. and highlight the morphological diversity of the vagina, and that of the heel, a sclerotized part of the male copulatory organ, absent in some species of Cichlidogyrus. METHODS: Cichlidogyrus spp. were isolated from gills and fixed using GAP. Haptoral and genital hard parts were measured and drawn by means of a phase contrast microscopic examination. RESULTS: We describe eight new species: Cichlidogyrus milangelnari n. sp. on C. microlepidotus; C. jeanloujustinei n. sp. on E. marksmithi; C. evikae n. sp. on T. irsacae; C. aspiralis n. sp., C. glacicremoratus n. sp. and C. rectangulus n. sp. on O. nasuta; and C. pseudoaspiralis n. sp. and C. discophonum n. sp. on A. dewindti. Three haptoral morphotypes were recognized among the new species. Species of Cichlidogyrus from closely related hosts exhibited the same morphotypes. Geographical variation in Cichlidogyrus spp. fauna as observed in O. nasuta and three morphotypes were distinguished. Finally, we listed 111 Cichlidogyrus species, of which 27 and three Tanganyikan species lack sclerotized vagina and heel, respectively, just like 19 and seven species outside of the lake. CONCLUSIONS: Haptoral and genital features in the Tanganyikan Cichlidogyrus fauna reflect the phylogenetic relationships of their cichlid hosts. It seems that several lineages of Cichlidogyrus spp. exist in Lake Tanganyika but further studies are necessary to confirm this hypothesis and answer questions related to Lake Tanganyika and its cichlids.
- MeSH
- cichlidy parazitologie MeSH
- infekce červy třídy Trematoda epidemiologie parazitologie veterinární MeSH
- jezera parazitologie MeSH
- mužské pohlavní orgány anatomie a histologie MeSH
- nemoci ryb epidemiologie parazitologie MeSH
- Trematoda anatomie a histologie klasifikace genetika MeSH
- vagina anatomie a histologie MeSH
- žábry parazitologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Tanzanie epidemiologie MeSH
Problematika zánětů vulvy a pochvy je nejčastější problém, se kterým navštíví žena svého gynekologa. Pochva přestavuje složitý bakteriální ekosystém, který pochvu chrání, v případě narušení tohoto systému se objevují obtíže a nemoc. Onemocnění se svým průběhem, etiologií i léčbou liší také v závislosti na hladině pohlavních hormonů, jejichž hladina významně ovlivňuje právě složení správné poševní mikrobioty. Léčba je mnohými ženami prováděna v režimu samoléčby, kdy většina postižených si zakoupí volně prodejná antimykotika. Ambulantní gynekolog se s mykotickými kolpitidami nesetkává tak často, jak by se zdálo. Může to být právě i možností si zakoupit léky v lékárně bez předpisu, a proto se část pacientek ke gynekologovi vůbec nedostane. Správnějším postupem v prevenci a léčbě počínajících obtíží se však zdá, že bude posílení správné poševní mikroflóry. Volně jsou proto dostupná vaginální probiotika a prebiotika. V případě, že tato volně dostupná léčba selže, je potřeba svěřit se do rukou gynekologa, který situaci vyhodnotí a nasadí správnou léčbu.
Inflammation of the vulva and vagina is the most common gynecological problem in outpatient gyncologists. There is a difficult ecosystem of bacterias in vagina, which protects the vagina, but in case of disruption of this system appear difficulties and illness. The disease, the course, etiology and treatment also varies depending on the level of sex hormones whose levels significantly influences the composition of vaginal mikrobionty. Treatment is carried out by many women in the mode of self-treatment, where most of the affected women use antifungal preparations, which can be buied in pharmacies without prescribtion. Common outpatient gynecologist don ´t meet yeast infection as often as it might seem. It could be because of self-treatment of many women. More correct procedure in the prevention and treatment of incipient problems is to used preparations which help correct vaginal bacterias, mainly lactobacilas to grow. Women can buy a lot of vaginal probiotics and prebiotics, in case of typical mycotical discharge to use antimycotics. In the event that this treatment fails, it is necessary to go the gynecologist, who will evaluate the situation and puts the proper treatment.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- antifungální látky aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- antivirové látky terapeutické užití MeSH
- bakteriální vaginóza diagnóza farmakoterapie patologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- Candida albicans patogenita MeSH
- Lactobacillus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiota fyziologie účinky léků MeSH
- pohlavní hormony MeSH
- prebiotika MeSH
- probiotika terapeutické užití MeSH
- samoléčba MeSH
- vagina * anatomie a histologie mikrobiologie patologie MeSH
- vaginální výplach MeSH
- vaginitida diagnóza etiologie farmakoterapie patologie MeSH
- vulvovaginitida etiologie patologie terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
The lateral support of the vaginal wall depends on the integrity of the paravaginal section of the visceral pelvic fascia, levator ani, and their connection. Various defects of the muscle and fascia can result in identical clinical findings-ie, the descent of the lateral vaginal sulcus. In this study, we created a realistic scheme for classifying paravaginal defects, based on the complex relationship of the pelvic fascia with the levator ani. Surgical observations, cadaver examinations, and a complex magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based 3-dimensional (3D) model were used to analyze the spatial relationships of normal and defective anatomy of the female pelvic floor. Descent of the lateral vaginal sulcus can result from a defect in the paravaginal visceral pelvic fascia, levator ani, or both. The fascial defect can be partial or complete, and the muscle defect can vary in location. A detailed illustrated classification is presented. We present a new model of the pathology that underlies a common clinical finding.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fascie zranění MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- pánevní dno zranění MeSH
- rány a poranění klasifikace MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- svaly zranění MeSH
- vagina anatomie a histologie zranění patologie MeSH
- zobrazování trojrozměrné MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- anatomie topografická MeSH
- anatomie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pánev anatomie a histologie MeSH
- perineum anatomie a histologie MeSH
- prsy anatomie a histologie MeSH
- uterus anatomie a histologie MeSH
- vagina anatomie a histologie MeSH
- vejcovody anatomie a histologie MeSH
- ženské pohlavní orgány anatomie a histologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
INTRODUCTION: Greater acceptance of sexual minorities has enabled people with transsexualism access to adequate treatment and social integration. Gender reassignment surgery is a complex phase in the care of transsexual patients. In response to a greater volume of patients, surgical techniques have evolved and the outcome in patients with male-to-female transsexualism is now a very accurate imitation of female genitalia, enabling sexual intercourse with orgasm. AIM: To evaluate the results of surgical reassignment of genitalia in male-to-female transsexuals. METHODS: A retrospective 3-month follow-up study of patients' opinions following gender reassignment surgery in 129 patients having a primary procedure (eight of whom had later sigmoideocolpoplasty) and five patients undergoing reoperation following an initial unsuccessful procedure at other units. All patients were male transsexuals. The surgical techniques are described in detail. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sexual functions and complications 3 months after surgery. RESULTS: All patients were satisfied with the first phase operation. Thirteen patients (9.7%) underwent successful sigmoideocolpoplasty. Main complications were as follows: rectal lesions developing during preparation of the vaginal canal (1.5%); bleeding from the stump of the shortened urethra in the first 48 hours postoperatively requiring secondary suturing (4.5%); temporary urinary retention requiring repeated insertion of urinary catheters for up to 6 days (5.2%); and healing of the suture between the perineum and the posterior aspect of the vaginal introitus healing by secondary intention (5.2%). The neoclitoris had erogenous sensitivity in 93.9% of patients and 65.3% reached orgasm in the first 3 months. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical conversion of the genitalia is a safe and important phase of the treatment of male-to-female transsexuals.
- MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
- klitoris anatomie a histologie inervace MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlavní orgány chirurgie MeSH
- následné studie MeSH
- pooperační komplikace epidemiologie MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- transsexualismus chirurgie MeSH
- vagina anatomie a histologie MeSH
- zákroky plastické chirurgie metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- MeSH
- gynekologické chirurgické výkony MeSH
- incidence MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory vaginy * diagnóza klasifikace patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- radioterapie MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- sarkom MeSH
- spinocelulární karcinom MeSH
- staging nádorů MeSH
- vagina * anatomie a histologie patologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
OBJECTIVE: The endopelvic fascia is a confluent suspensory apparatus of the female pelvic organs. The aim of the study was to construct a three-dimensional model of the endopelvic fascia, defining its shape and its connections to the surrounding parietal structures.
