The social sciences within health care and pharmacy provide various points of view on issues often managed by professionals both inside and outside of the health care system. This multidisciplinary perspective often leads to divergent views and sometimes seemingly contradictory viewpoints and solutions. This paper is devoted to the opinions and attitudes of Czech citizens on selected issues of healthcare and pharmacy, the elucidation of which could be a source for understanding the relationships among participants in our pluralist health care system as a whole. This article presents the results of a sociological survey featuring a representative sample in terms of gender, age and region of 1,797 respondents from the Czech population aged 15 and over. The research is focused on the issues of self-medication, choice of pharmacy, out of pocket expenditures on prescription drugs and over-the-counter medicines, experiences with side effects and finally an evaluation of patient comprehension of information leaflets accompanying health care products. According to the results presented here, at the onset of a health problem most of the population tries to treat the condition themselves before seeing a doctor (54.1% always, 30.9% sometimes). Over-the-counter drugs are purchased generally in classic pharmacies without self-service (96.1%). The choice of pharmacy is determined primarily by proximity, with much less importance placed on personal experience or lower price. According to the survey, Czechs spend around 150 CZK (€ 5.9) for over-the-counter medicines and around 143 CZK (€ 5.6) for prescription drugs per month; 77.9% of Czech citizens were shown to understand the information provided on package leaflets. These data help to understand the perception, orientation and behavior of the patient in the healthcare system, with the ultimate goal of leading to higher system effectiveness as well as greater satisfaction for all parties involved.

• MeSH
• balení léků MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• léky bez předpisu škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• léky na předpis terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• motivace MeSH
• postoj * MeSH
• samoléčba MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The aim of the study was to examine the prevalence and type of medicines used by high school students in the Czech Republic and to analyze association between use of medicines during last 6 months and self medication with different socio-demographic and lifestyle aspects. A cross-sectional study was conducted in high schools from two regions and three towns in the Czech Republic. The study sample was a student population of nine selected high schools. The study was approved by the local Ethics Committees and school board and was conducted in compliance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Questionnaires respecting anonymity were distributed to the students during the regular class period. Students answered closed and open questions divided into six sections focussing on their experience with chronic and irregular use of medicines, medicines use during last six months, conditions treated, type and source of used medicines. A modified log-linear Poisson regression model with a robust variance estimator (sandwich) was used for statistical analysis. In total, 979 students, aged 14-21 years (mean age 17 years) participated in the study: 32% were male and 68% female; 19% of students reported regular use of medicines for chronic disease. The use of medicines during the last 6 months was reported by 83% of students; 42% of them reported the use of both prescription and over the counter (OTC) medicines; 22% the use only of OTC, and 31% only prescription medicines. Allergy, asthma, disorders of the thyroid gland, atopic dermatitis, and hypertensive diseases were among the most frequent long-term diseases. The most frequent groups of medicines used for the treatment of long-term diseases were systemic antihistamines, thyroid preparations, and respiratory drugs. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines, ibuprofen and paracetamol were the most frequently used medicines during last six months. The study results showed quite extensive use of both prescription and OTC medicines in students of high schools between 14-21 years of age in the Czech Republic. Statistically significant associations were found between use of medicines during last 6 months and type of school, sex and chronic diseases, and between self-medication and sex.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• farmakoterapie * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• Poissonovo rozdělení MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• samoléčba statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• studenti MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Anti-osteoporosis drugs with osteoanabolic (teriparatide, intact parathormone) and dual (strontium ranelate) mechanism of action are currently available for the treatment of postmenopausal, glucocorticoid induced or male osteoporosis in the Czech Republic (CZ). These expensive drugs are subjects of special prescribing limitations (2nd line treatments). The objective was to analyze trends in consumption of osteoanabolic and dual drugs in the treatment of osteoporosis since their introduction onto the market in CZ (2005-2011). The prescription-based database of the General Health insurance Company of the Czech Republic that covers approximately 60% of the Czech population was used as the data source. An insured person with a recorded prescription for teriparatide (TRPD), intact parathormone (iPTH) or strontium ranelate (SR) in the period of interest was defined as a patient; 271 (224), 77 (75) and 5930 (5545) patients (women) treated with TRPD, iPTH and SR in 2011, respectively, were identified. The median age of patients on TRPD and SR ranged from 71 to 74 years in 2006-2011. The number of patients treated with TRPD between 2009 and 2011 has been stable, while in iPTH the number increased 2.8 times in the same time period. The number of patients treated with SR has been steadily rising since its introduction in 2005. SR was prescribed most often by physicians specialized in internal medicine (42%) and rheumatology (25%). Male patients accounted for 6% of the SR consumers in 2011. The consumption of dual and osteoanabolic drugs has been rapidly increasing. Consumption rates in men (both absolute and relative) have been increasing but still remain relatively low.

• MeSH
• databáze faktografické MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• glukokortikoidy škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• inhibitory kostní resorpce terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lékařská praxe - způsoby provádění trendy   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• osteoporóza farmakoterapie   etiologie   MeSH
• parathormon terapeutické užití   MeSH
• postmenopauzální osteoporóza farmakoterapie   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• teriparatid terapeutické užití   MeSH
• thiofeny terapeutické užití   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Ischemic heart disease is the most frequent cause of both serious morbidity and mortality of adult population in developed countries. The main aim of the study was to carry out the analysis of general practitioners (GP) prescription of evidence-based therapy in patients after myocardial infarction (MI). Data were retrospectively collected in 2011, by a single application with the help of software that GPs use in their surgeries. All patients of a particular GP who had MI in their history and who were at the time of data collection treated only by GPs (not by the specialists of internal medicine or cardiology) were always included. Four hundred ninety one patients were included in the study. The average age was 70.7 (+/- 11.6) and 69.2% of the involved patients were men. Seventy nine percent of patients used beta-blockers, 80% antiplatelet drugs, 77% statins and 79% used angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ACEIs/ARBs). Forty four percent of patients used drugs from all four groups. The significant prescription decrease was proved in all four groups in dependence on patients' age (p < 0.05). Although the evidence-based medicine usage in patients after MI in the Czech Republic is comparable to other countries, it is not optimal. More intensive involvement of pharmacists in the care of patients after MI would further improve the situation.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• infarkt myokardu farmakoterapie   MeSH
• lékařské předpisy MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• medicína založená na důkazech * MeSH
• praktičtí lékaři * MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Therapy of oral, esophageal and gastrointestinal candidiasis is still a common problem that can be solved by an administration of antimycotics. Major disadvantage of registered commercial antifungal medicinal products is their price, so the health care system and its payers may profit from extemporaneous compounding. An appropriate drug therapy for candidiasis (trush) is nystatin, which is a substance available in the Czech Republic for the magistral preparation relatively recently, since 2010. Making formulas for extemporaneous compounding is quite simple and preparations particularly useful for dentists, pediatricians, otolaryngologists, oncologists and gastroenterologists. The authors formulated composition of viscous oromucosal suspension, oral/oromucosal hydrogel and oromucosal gelatine globule which may be present as compounded products containing nystatin for oromucosal and/or oral administration. The preparation is practically verified and magistral products have been already used in clinical practice.

• MeSH
• antifungální látky aplikace a dávkování   chemie   MeSH
• aplikace bukální MeSH
• aplikace orální MeSH
• chemie farmaceutická MeSH
• farmaceutická technologie metody   MeSH
• glycerol chemie   MeSH
• hydrogely MeSH
• kandidóza farmakoterapie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• methylcelulosa analogy a deriváty   chemie   MeSH
• nystatin aplikace a dávkování   chemie   MeSH
• příprava léků MeSH
• viskozita MeSH
• xylitol chemie   MeSH
• želatina chemie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Convenient access to a large variety of OTC medicines presents patients with the opportunity for the self-treatment of many health problems. Yet this also brings on other health risks, especially to the elderly. A pointed lack of information about the safety of NSAIDs has been found among lay people, but no study in the Czech Republic so far has focused on the preferences of the residents' of retirement homes for particular NSAID pain relievers and these patients' level of knowledge regarding use and safety issues. We undertook a cross-sectional study in 9 retirement communities. A self-developed questionnaire was used to gather data on the preferences of seniors for particular NSAIDs and on their knowledge about ibuprofen. Two hundred elderly people participated in the research, 77% of the sample being female. The mean age was 83 +/- 7 years. Ibuprofen was the preferred NSAID analgesic among participants. 64% of respondents indicated that they suffered from pain nearly every day. The best known indication of ibuprofen was analgesic (56.7%) and younger and more educated participants had better knowledge in general about indications. A similar percentage (57.8%) was not aware of any adverse effects of ibuprofen, and 16% believed it had no adverse effects at all. Knowledge of drug interaction was very low--most of participants (84%) were not aware of any interactions. 58% of respondents indicated that they relied on the advice of a physician about pain relievers. Despite the fact that many of the elderly individuals surveyed suffer from pain nearly every day and ibuprofen is their preferred choice among NSAIDs, their knowledge about use and safety of ibuprofen is inadequate.

• MeSH
• antiflogistika nesteroidní škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• bezpečnost pacientů MeSH
• bolest prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• důchod * MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• ibuprofen škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• informační služby o lécích MeSH
• lékové interakce MeSH
• léky bez předpisu škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pacientova volba MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky * MeSH
• průzkumy zdravotní péče MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• samoléčba * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• spotřebitelská bezpečnost produktů MeSH
• ubytovací zařízení * MeSH
• uvědomování si * MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• zdraví - znalosti, postoje, praxe * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Particles preparation from biodegradable polymers as carriers for the controlled release of drugs has been the focus of many investigations and the subject of a growing field of research in recent years. The aim of this study was to develop and optimize the preparation of oxycellulose beads containing diclofenac sodium as a model drug. Particle size, surface, drug content and encapsulation efficiency were evaluated, drug dissolution profiles were measured and drug release mechanism estimated. The prepared oxycellulose beads were uniform in size with encapsulation efficiency ranging from 53.2 to 74.9%. The lower temperature of the crosslinking solution and its saturation with diclofenac sodium increased the encapsulation efficiency, especially when both parameters were combined. The application of ultrasound had a negative effect on drug encapsulation. The dissolution of diclofenac sodium in pH 1.2 was close to zero as its solubility in this medium is very limited. The drug release in pH 6.8 lasted from 10 to 16 h showing biphasic behavior with a significant lag time. T1/2 decreased with increasing encapsulation efficiency and ultrasound application. Diclofenac sodium was released from the prepared oxycellulose particles by diffusion as well as by erosion process; ahigh correlation was found with zero order kinetics.

• MeSH
• antiflogistika nesteroidní chemie   MeSH
• chemie farmaceutická MeSH
• chlorid vápenatý chemie   MeSH
• difuze MeSH
• diklofenak chemie   MeSH
• farmaceutická technologie metody   MeSH
• kinetika MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• léky s prodlouženým účinkem MeSH
• methylcelulosa analogy a deriváty   chemie   MeSH
• nosiče léků * MeSH
• povrchové vlastnosti MeSH
• reagencia zkříženě vázaná chemie   MeSH
• rozpustnost MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• ultrazvuk MeSH
• velikost částic MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The paper compared two spray-dried lactoses Flowlac 100 and SuperTab 14SD from the standpoint of tensile strength and disintegration time of tablets, the effect of an addition of the lubricant magnesium stearate and silicified microcrystalline cellulose on these properties, and also from the standpoint of the energy profile of compression. The comparison of the values was performed at the compression force of 15 kN. The strength of tablets was higher in the case of SuperTab 14SD, an increase in the concentration of magnesium stearate did not decrease tablet strength. Prosolv SMCC 90 increased the strength of tablets and made it equal for both lactoses, but it also increased the sensitivity to the added lubricant. The disintegration time of tablets was shorter in the case of SuperTab 14SD, an increased concentration of magnesium stearate prolonged it, and an addition of Prosolv SMCC 90 shortened it and made it equal for both lactoses. From the energy standpoint, the maximal energy was higher in the case of SuperTab 14SD, an addition of Prosolv SMCC 90 increased it and again made it equal for both lactoses. The differences in the values of the maximal energy were primarily due to the values of the energy for friction and the energy accumulated by the tablet after compression, and there was no marked difference in the values of the energy of decompression. SuperTab 14SD showed a higher plasticity than Flowlac 100.

• MeSH
• aerosoly MeSH
• celulosa chemie   MeSH
• chemie farmaceutická MeSH
• farmaceutická technologie metody   MeSH
• kinetika MeSH
• kyseliny stearové chemie   MeSH
• laktosa chemie   MeSH
• lubrikanty chemie   MeSH
• pevnost v tahu MeSH
• pevnost v tlaku MeSH
• pomocné látky chemie   MeSH
• rozpustnost MeSH
• tablety MeSH
• vysoušení MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

The study evaluates the micronized poloxamers Lptrol micro127 (poloxamer 407) and Lptrol micro 68 (poloxamer 188) as lubricants in combination with the dry binders microcrystalline cellulose and spray-dried lactose. Magnesium stearate was employed as the comparative lubricant. The parameters under study included energy for friction, plasticity, ejection force, tensile strength of tablets, and disintegration time of tablets. The factors of influence were the concentration of lubricants, compression force, and mixing parameters. The lubricating effect of micronized poloxamers was smaller than that of magnesium stearate. Higher concentrations of poloxamers decreased the tensile strength of tablets from microcrystalline cellulose, shortened the disintegration time, and slightly prolonged the disintegration time in the case of spray-dried lactose. Parameters of mixing of dry binders with poloxamers influenced the tested parameters of compression more in the case of spray-dried lactose. In microcrystalline cellulose, they influenced more the tensile strength and disintegration time of tablets.

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• celulosa chemie   MeSH
• chemie farmaceutická MeSH
• farmaceutická technologie metody   MeSH
• kyseliny stearové chemie   MeSH
• laktosa chemie   MeSH
• lubrikanty chemie   MeSH
• pevnost v tahu MeSH
• poloxamer chemie   MeSH
• pomocné látky chemie   MeSH
• rozpustnost MeSH
• tablety MeSH
• tření MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Generic substitution (GS) is an integral part of drug policy in many countries. Similarly to other countries its introduction in the Czech Republic gave rise to a vibrant discussion. The aim of the study was to map and analyze pharmacists' opinions of, attitudes towards and experiences with generic drugs and GS after the first year from its legislative embodiment in the Czech Republic. All 7,665 members of the Czech Chamber of Pharmacists were addressed to participate in a questionnaire survey between November 2008 and March 2009. The questionnaire consisted of 28 questions concerning the issue of generic drugs and GS and was divided into five sections. All collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlations were tested by selected parametric and non-parametric tests. A total of 615 completed questionnaire forms were returned (a questionnaire return rate of 8.0%). The demographic characteristics of the respondents were as follows: 470 (76.4%) females, mean age of 37.5 years (SD = 10.4) and 429 (69.6%) pharmacists with a practice specialization. Altogether 345 (56.1%) respondents became aware of the issue of brand name and generic drugs during their undergraduate studies. 378 (61.5%) respondents considered generic drugs as bioequivalent and 455 (74.0%) respondents as therapeutically equivalent to the respective brand name drugs. 99 (16.1%) pharmacists believed that generic products are of lower quality than branded drugs and 69 (11.2%) respondents expected generics to cause more adverse drug reactions. GS was perceived as a positive tool by 476 (77.4%) respondents. Only 71 (11.5%) respondents showed acquaintance with all the legal rules for GS. Legislation awareness and attitude towards GS was correlated with age (p < 0.001). The use of GS in the routine practice depends on the pharmacists' familiarity with the relevant legislation and attitude towards generic drugs and GS. Approaching patients on an individual basis and pharmacists' awareness can minimize adverse drug events caused by generic drugs and at the same time enhance the professional status of pharmacists.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• farmaceuti * MeSH
• generika * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• náhrada léků * MeSH
• postoj zdravotnického personálu * MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• sběr dat MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• zákonodárství lékové MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH