Technical, analytical, and ethical challenges have obscured our understanding of immune cell subset ontogeny during human fetal development. Recently published in Science, Suo et al. (2022) apply multiple single-cell and spatial tools to provide a comprehensive roadmap during human gestation.
- MeSH
- embryonální vývoj * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- plod MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- vývoj plodu * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- komentáře MeSH
Patients with the neurological disorder HSAN-I suffer frequent infections, attributed to a lack of pain sensation and failure to seek care for minor injuries. Whether protective CD8+ T cells are affected in HSAN-I patients remains unknown. Here, we report that HSAN-I-associated mutations in serine palmitoyltransferase subunit SPTLC2 dampened human T cell responses. Antigen stimulation and inflammation induced SPTLC2 expression, and murine T-cell-specific ablation of Sptlc2 impaired antiviral-T-cell expansion and effector function. Sptlc2 deficiency reduced sphingolipid biosynthetic flux and led to prolonged activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and CD8+ T cell death. Protective CD8+ T cell responses in HSAN-I patient PBMCs and Sptlc2-deficient mice were restored by supplementing with sphingolipids and pharmacologically inhibiting ER stress-induced cell death. Therefore, SPTLC2 underpins protective immunity by translating extracellular stimuli into intracellular anabolic signals and antagonizes ER stress to promote T cell metabolic fitness.
- MeSH
- CD8-pozitivní T-lymfocyty imunologie MeSH
- cytokiny biosyntéza MeSH
- dědičné senzorické a autonomní neuropatie genetika MeSH
- kultivované buňky MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lymfocytární choriomeningitida imunologie virologie MeSH
- mechanistické cílové místo rapamycinového komplexu 1 metabolismus MeSH
- myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
- myši MeSH
- proliferace buněk MeSH
- serin-C-palmitoyltransferasa genetika MeSH
- sfingolipidy biosyntéza MeSH
- signální transdukce imunologie MeSH
- stres endoplazmatického retikula genetika imunologie MeSH
- virus lymfocytární choriomeningitidy imunologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
Regulatory T (Treg) cells reside in lymphoid organs and barrier tissues where they control different types of inflammatory responses. Treg cells are also found in human cancers, and studies in animal models suggest that they contribute to cancer progression. However, properties of human intratumoral Treg cells and those present in corresponding normal tissue remain largely unknown. Here, we analyzed features of Treg cells in untreated human breast carcinomas, normal mammary gland, and peripheral blood. Tumor-resident Treg cells were potently suppressive and their gene-expression pattern resembled that of normal breast tissue, but not of activated peripheral blood Treg cells. Nevertheless, a number of cytokine and chemokine receptor genes, most notably CCR8, were upregulated in tumor-resident Treg cells in comparison to normal tissue-resident ones. Our studies suggest that targeting CCR8 for the depletion of tumor-resident Treg cells might represent a promising immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of breast cancer.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- nádory prsu imunologie MeSH
- průtoková cytometrie MeSH
- receptory CCR8 biosyntéza imunologie MeSH
- regulační T-lymfocyty imunologie MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- separace buněk MeSH
- stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
- transkriptom MeSH
- tumor infiltrující lymfocyty MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates immune cell homeostasis and has been used to treat a range of disorders including cancer and autoimmune disease. IL-2 signals via interleukin-2 receptor-β (IL-2Rβ):IL-2Rγ heterodimers on cells expressing high (regulatory T cells, Treg) or low (effector cells) amounts of IL-2Rα (CD25). When complexed with IL-2, certain anti-cytokine antibodies preferentially stimulate expansion of Treg (JES6-1) or effector (S4B6) cells, offering a strategy for targeted disease therapy. We found that JES6-1 sterically blocked the IL-2:IL-2Rβ and IL-2:IL-2Rγ interactions, but also allosterically lowered the IL-2:IL-2Rα affinity through a "triggered exchange" mechanism favoring IL-2Rα(hi) Treg cells, creating a positive feedback loop for IL-2Rα(hi) cell activation. Conversely, S4B6 sterically blocked the IL-2:IL-2Rα interaction, while also conformationally stabilizing the IL-2:IL-2Rβ interaction, thus stimulating all IL-2-responsive immune cells, particularly IL-2Rβ(hi) effector cells. These insights provide a molecular blueprint for engineering selectively potentiating therapeutic antibodies.
- MeSH
- autoimunitní nemoci imunologie MeSH
- interleukin-2 chemie genetika imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- kompetitivní vazba účinky léků MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- molekulární modely * MeSH
- myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
- myši MeSH
- progrese nemoci MeSH
- proliferace buněk účinky léků MeSH
- protilátky chemie imunologie farmakologie MeSH
- průtoková cytometrie MeSH
- regulace genové exprese imunologie MeSH
- regulační T-lymfocyty cytologie účinky léků imunologie MeSH
- signální transdukce účinky léků MeSH
- T-lymfocyty - podskupiny cytologie účinky léků imunologie MeSH
- terciární struktura proteinů MeSH
- vazba proteinů účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
