Zavadil, Filip*
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Trofoblastická nemoc představuje velmi heterogenní skupinu benigních i vysoce maligních stavů. Všechny tyto klinicko patologické jednotky spojuje nízká incidence. V důsledku raritního výskytu je tato skupina patologických stavů často opomenuta v diferenciálně diagnostické rozvaze, což může mít závažné zdravotní i forenzní důsledky. Článek prezentuje výsledky léčby maligních trofoblastických tumorů v České republice a bývalém Československu mezi roky 1955 – 2012. Za tuto dobu bylo léčeno celkem 503 pacientek s diagnózou maligní gestační trofoblastické nemoci. Zpočátku byly léčebné výsledky velmi neuspokojivé. V letech 1955 – 1963, kdy jedinou možnou léčbu představovalo chirurgické odnětí postiženého orgánu, dosahovala mortalita více než 94 %. Nejčastější příčinou úmrtí bylo masivní krvácení. Zásadní obrat nastal až s příchodem chemoterapie jako nové léčebné modality v šedesátých letech minulého století. Od té doby došlo k rapidnímu poklesu mortality až na současných 1,47 % (v letech 2000 – 2012). Tyto výsledky jsou plně srovnatelné s ostatními centry věnujícími se této problematice.
Trophoblastic disease is a very heterogeneous group of benign and also highly malignant entities. All forms of trophoblastic disease are characterized by rare incidence. This explains a potential risk of diagnostic and therapeutic errors which can lead to very serious consequences. The article presents therapeutic results of malignant gestational trophoblastic tumours in the Czech Republic and Czechoslovakia between the years 1955 – 2012. In this period 503 patients with malignant gestational trophoblastic tumours were treated in the country. In the early times the treatment results were very dissatisfactory. Between years 1955-1963, surgical approach was the only method of treatment and more than 94 % of all patients died of haemorrhagic complications of the disease. The turning point came in 60ties, when chemotherapy entered therapeutic strategy. Since that time the mortality constantly decreased to actual 1.47 % (in the years 2000-2012). The treatment results in the Czech Republic are comparable with results in other specialized centres in the world.
Východiska: Současná protinádorová terapie se vyznačuje vysokou nespecifitou, a to Východiska: Současná protinádorová terapie se vyznačuje vysokou nespecifitou, a to z důvodu různorodé povahy nádorů, která významně snižuje účinnost léčby. Masivní rozvoj genomických, transkriptomických a proteomických metod v posledních desetiletích umožnil detailní charakterizaci nádorů na genomové, transkriptomové a proteomové úrovni a jejich vzájemná kombinace tak představuje potenciál, jak zvýšit efektivitu procesu detekce neopeptidů a následného navržení specifické terapie. Mezi v současné době široce používané genomické a transkriptomické metody patří zejména celogenomové, celotranskriptomové, příp. exomové sekvenování, která umožňují detekovat jednonukleotidové polymorfi zmy. V případě proteomických metod, pokud je k dispozici peptidová knihovna, je možné detekovat mutované proteiny v biologickém vzorku. Nedílnou součástí kooperace těchto metod jsou softwary, které umožní interpretovat získané výsledky, jejich vizualizaci, příp. zprostředkují konverzi mezi datovými formáty často specifickými pro použitou metodu/ přístroj. Cíl: Článek primárně popisuje bio informatickou analýzu vzorků v rámci genomických a transkriptomických metod a jejich možné limitace a související problémy, které musí být zváženy v průběhu analýzy, zejména týkající se kvality vstupních dat. V textu je rovněž věnována pozornost problémům vycházejícím ze zarovnání sekvencí na referenční genom. Součástí publikace je popis softwaru TransPEM, který byl vytvořen za účelem konverze výsledků analýzy jednonukleotidových polymorfizmů do podoby peptidové knihovny sekvencí využitelné k detekci neopeptidů pomocí proteomických metod. Nechybí ani stručný popis proteomických metod využívajících tuto knihovnu a představení jejich omezení.
Background: Current anti-tumour therapy is characterised by high non-specificity due to the diverse nature of tumours, which can significantly reduce its efficiency. The massive development of genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic methods has enabled the detailed characterisation of individual tumours at the genome, transcriptome and proteome levels. Whole-genome sequencing, whole-transcriptome sequencing and exome sequencing can be listed as examples of genomics and transcriptomics methods. Those methods are suitable for detecting single- -nucleotide polymorphisms. In the case of proteomic methods, where a peptide library is available, it is possible to detect mutated proteins in a biological sample. Also important is software that interprets and visualises the results or facilitates conversion between data formats that are specific to the method. The combination of methods can in principle increase the likelihood of detecting new neoantigens and design-specific anti-tumour therapy. Aim: The article primarily describes the bioinformatics analysis of samples using the methods of genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics, and the possible problems which must be considered during the analysis. The article includes a description of TransPEM software designed to convert the results from the analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms into a peptide library of sequences useful for the detection of neopeptides using proteomic methods. The publication is accompanied by a brief description of the proteomics methods using this peptide library and the summary of its limitations.
- Klíčová slova
- transkriptomika,
- MeSH
- genomika * metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory diagnóza MeSH
- navrhování softwaru MeSH
- proteomika * metody MeSH
- výpočetní biologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Recent technological advances have made next-generation sequencing (NGS) a popular and financially accessible technique allowing a broad range of analyses to be done simultaneously. A huge amount of newly generated NGS data, however, require advanced software support to help both in analyzing the data and biologically interpreting the results. In this article, we describe SATrans (Software for Annotation of Transcriptome), a software package providing fast and robust functional annotation of novel sequences obtained from transcriptome sequencing. Moreover, it performs advanced gene ontology analysis of differentially expressed genes, thereby helping to interpret biologically-and in a user-friendly form-the quantitative changes in gene expression. The software is freely available and provides the possibility to work with thousands of sequences using a standard personal computer or notebook running on the Linux operating system.
Interferons (IFNs) are important cytokines that regulate immune responses through the activation of hundreds of genes, including interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs). This evolutionarily conserved protein family includes five functionally active homologs in humans. Despite the high sequence homology, IFITMs vary in expression, subcellular localization and function. The initially described adhesive and antiproliferative or pro-oncogenic functions of IFITM proteins were diluted by the discovery of their antiviral properties. The large set of viruses that is inhibited by these proteins is constantly expanding, as are the possible mechanisms of action. In addition to their beneficial antiviral effects, IFITM proteins are often upregulated in a broad spectrum of cancers. IFITM proteins have been linked to most hallmarks of cancer, including tumor cell proliferation, therapeutic resistance, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Recent studies have described the involvement of IFITM proteins in antitumor immunity. This review summarizes various levels of IFITM protein regulation and the physiological and pathological functions of these proteins, with an emphasis on tumorigenesis and antitumor immunity.
- MeSH
- antivirové látky MeSH
- interferony * MeSH
- karcinogeneze MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- membránové proteiny genetika MeSH
- viry * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
TP73 is a member of the TP53 gene family and produces N- and C-terminal protein isoforms through alternative promoters, alternative translation initiation and alternative splicing. Most notably, p73 protein isoforms may either contain a p53-like transactivation domain (TAp73 isoforms) or lack this domain (ΔTAp73 isoforms) and these variants have opposing or independent functions. To date, there is a lack of well-characterised isoform-specific p73 antibodies. Here, we produced polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to N-terminal p73 variants and the C-terminal p73α isoform, the most common variant in human tissues. These reagents show that TAp73 is a marker of multiciliated epithelial cells, while ΔTAp73 is a marker of non-proliferative basal/reserve cells in squamous epithelium. We were unable to detect ΔNp73 variant proteins, in keeping with recent data that this is a minor form in human tissues. Most cervical squamous cell carcinomas (79%) express p73α, and the distribution of staining in basal cells correlated with lower tumour grade. TAp73 was found in 17% of these tumours, with a random distribution and no association with clinicopathological features. These data indicate roles for ΔTAp73 in maintaining a non-proliferative state of undifferentiated squamous epithelial cells and for TAp73 in the production of differentiated multiciliated cells.
- MeSH
- epitelové buňky metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monoklonální protilátky MeSH
- nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
- nádory děložního čípku metabolismus patologie genetika MeSH
- nádory metabolismus patologie genetika MeSH
- protein - isoformy * metabolismus genetika MeSH
- protein p73 * metabolismus genetika MeSH
- spinocelulární karcinom metabolismus patologie genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Monoclonal antibodies targeting immune checkpoints have revolutionized oncology. Yet, the effectiveness of these treatments varies significantly among patients, and they are associated with unexpected adverse events, including hyperprogression. The murine research model used in drug development fails to recapitulate both the functional human immune system and the population heterogeneity. Hence, a novel model is urgently needed to study the consequences of immune checkpoint blockade. Dogs appear to be uniquely suited for this role. Approximately 1 in 4 companion dogs dies from cancer, yet no antibodies are commercially available for use in veterinary oncology. Here we characterize two novel antibodies that bind canine PD-1 with sub-nanomolar affinity as measured by SPR. Both antibodies block the clinically crucial PD-1/PD-L1 interaction in a competitive ELISA assay. Additionally, the antibodies were tested with a broad range of assays including Western Blot, ELISA, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. The antibodies appear to bind two distinct epitopes as predicted by molecular modeling and peptide phage display. Our study provides new tools for canine oncology research and a potential veterinary therapeutic.
- MeSH
- antigeny CD274 imunologie antagonisté a inhibitory metabolismus MeSH
- antigeny CD279 * imunologie antagonisté a inhibitory metabolismus MeSH
- epitopy imunologie MeSH
- inhibitory kontrolních bodů imunologie farmakologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monoklonální protilátky * imunologie MeSH
- nádory imunologie veterinární farmakoterapie MeSH
- nemoci psů imunologie farmakoterapie MeSH
- psi MeSH
- vazba proteinů MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- psi MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
The TGF-β signaling pathway is involved in numerous cellular processes, and its deregulation may result in cancer development. One of the key processes in tumor progression and metastasis is epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), in which TGF-β signaling plays important roles. Recently, AGR2 was identified as a crucial component of the cellular machinery responsible for maintaining the epithelial phenotype, thereby interfering with the induction of mesenchymal phenotype cells by TGF-β effects in cancer. Here, we performed transcriptomic profiling of A549 lung cancer cells with CRISPR-Cas9 mediated AGR2 knockout with and without TGF-β treatment. We identified significant changes in transcripts associated with focal adhesion and eicosanoid production, in particular arachidonic acid metabolism. Changes in transcripts associated with the focal adhesion pathway were validated by RT-qPCR of COL4A1, COL4A2, FLNA, VAV3, VEGFA, and VINC mRNAs. In addition, immunofluorescence showed the formation of stress fibers and vinculin foci in cells without AGR2 and in response to TGF-β treatment, with synergistic effects observed. These findings imply that both AGR2 downregulation and TGF-β have a role in focal adhesion formation and cancer cell migration and invasion. Transcripts associated with arachidonic acid metabolism were downregulated after both AGR2 knockout and TGF-β treatment and were validated by RT-qPCR of GPX2, PTGS2, and PLA2G4A. Since PGE2 is a product of arachidonic acid metabolism, its lowered concentration in media from AGR2-knockout cells was confirmed by ELISA. Together, our results demonstrate that AGR2 downregulation and TGF-β have an essential role in focal adhesion formation; moreover, we have identified AGR2 as an important component of the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway.
- MeSH
- cyklooxygenasa 2 genetika MeSH
- epitelo-mezenchymální tranzice * genetika MeSH
- kyselina arachidonová MeSH
- nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
- pohyb buněk genetika MeSH
- prostaglandiny E MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u nádorů * MeSH
- transformující růstový faktor beta genetika MeSH
- vinkulin genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
