Diffusion potential Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
Leaky integrate-and-fire neuronal models with reversal potentials have a number of different diffusion approximations, each depending on the form of the amplitudes of the postsynaptic potentials. Probability distributions of the first-passage times of the membrane potential in the original model and its diffusion approximations are numerically compared in order to find which of the approximations is the most suitable one. The properties of the random amplitudes of postsynaptic potentials are discussed. It is shown on a simple example that the quality of the approximation depends directly on them.
- MeSH
- akční potenciály fyziologie MeSH
- difuze MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- matematika MeSH
- membránové potenciály fyziologie MeSH
- modely neurologické * MeSH
- neurony fyziologie MeSH
- normální rozdělení MeSH
- počítačová simulace MeSH
- Poissonovo rozdělení MeSH
- pravděpodobnost MeSH
- stochastické procesy MeSH
- synaptické potenciály MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Úvod:Zobrazení difuze pomocí magnetické rezonance (DWI) a zobrazení tenzorů difuze (DTI) jsou metody poměrně často využívané při MR diagnostice mozku. Využití těchto metod pro zobrazení míchy je technicky náročnější a méně časté. Cílem této pilotní práce je shrnutí zkušeností autorů s technikou DWI a DTI z hlediska možného přínosu pro diferenciální diagnostiku míšních lézí. Metodika: Retrospektivně jsme hodnotili DWI/DTI nálezy u 11 pacientů s patologickým nálezem míchy při konvenčním MR zobrazení. Spektrum diagnóz zahrnovalo míšní ischemii, demyelinizaci, ependymom, myelitidu, radiační myelopatii a cévní malformaci. Měřili jsme hodnoty ADC (Apparent Diffusion Coefficient) a v případě DTI i frakční anizotropie (FA) míchy, dále byly hodnoceny nálezy deterministické DTI traktografie. Výsledky: U čtyř pacientů s míšní ischemií byl pozorován pokles ADC hodnoty v místě léze oproti nepostiženému úseku o 36–61 %. Okrsky restrikce difuze byly patrné i u pacienta s radiační myelopatií. U dvou pacientů s ependymomem bylo patrné roztlačení míšních traktů a výrazné snížení hodnoty FA (0,247 a 0,299). U ostatních pacientů nebyla patrná patologie na traktografii, u pacientů s demyelinizací jsme pozorovali středně výrazný pokles hodnoty FA (0,494 a 0,471). Závěr: DWI/DTI míchy může dle našich zkušeností přispět ke správnému nasměrování diferenciálnědiagnostické rozvahy zejména průkazem restrikce difuze u míšních ischemií a zhodnocením obrazu traktografie u míšních tumorů. Další výzkum na větších souborech pacientů by mohl otevřít možnosti diferenciace jednotlivých patologií pomocí kvantifikace DTI parametrů.
Introduction: Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) are magnetic resonance imaging methods, nowadays commonly used to depict the brain. Application of these methods for the spinal cord imaging is technically more demanding and less frequent. The aim of this pilot study was to summarize authors' current experience with DWI and DTI of the spinal cord, considering the potential value for the differential diagnosis of the spinal cord lesions. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated DWI/DTI findings in a group of 11 patients with pathological findings of the spinal cord on conventional MRI examination. The diagnosis comprised spinal cord ischemia, multiple sclerosis, myelitis, radiation myelopathy and arteriovenous malformations. We measured apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in all patients and, of the DTI data, we also measured fractional anisotropy (FA) values and evaluated the deterministic tractography reconstructions. Results: In four patients with spinal cord ischemia, we observed a decrease of the ADC values of the spinal cord lesions compared to the normal‑appearing segment within a range 36–61%. Small areas of restricted diffusion of the spinal cord were found also in a patient with radiation myelopathy. In two patients with spinal cord tumors, DTI tractography showed displacement and/or disruption of the spinal cord tracts and marked decrease of the FA values (0.247 and 0.299). No abnormalities were observed on tractography in the rest of the patients, moderate decrease of the FA values was found in patients within demyelinating lesions of the spinal cord (0.494 and 0.471). Conclusion: DWI/DTI of the spinal cord may contribute to the correct direction of the differential diagnostic considerations through depiction of restricted diffusion within the spinal cord ischemia and evaluation of tractography in patients with spinal cord tumors. Further research with larger numbers of patients might enable differentiation of the spinal cord lesions based on quantification of DTI parameters.
- Klíčová slova
- onemocnění míchy, zobrazení tenzorů difuze, difuzně vážené zobrazení magnetickou rezonancí,
- MeSH
- diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
- difuzní magnetická rezonance * statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- ependymom diagnóza patologie MeSH
- ischemie MeSH
- komprese míchy diagnóza patologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- míšní ischemie diagnóza patologie MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- myelitida diagnóza patologie MeSH
- nemoci míchy * diagnóza patologie MeSH
- neurozobrazování metody MeSH
- pilotní projekty MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- roztroušená skleróza diagnóza patologie MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- zobrazování difuzních tenzorů * metody statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
BACKGROUND: Primary brain tumors in motor eloquent areas are associated with high-risk surgical procedures because of potentially permanent and often disabling motor deficits. Intraoperative primary motor cortex mapping and corticospinal tract (CST) monitoring are well-developed and reliable techniques. Imaging of the CST by diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) is also feasible. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the practical value of 3.0T intraoperative MRI (iMRI) with intraoperative DTT (iDTT) in surgery close to the CST, and to compare high-field iDTT with intraoperative neurophysiological CST mapping during glioma and metastasis resection in a routine setting. METHODS: Twenty-five patients (13 males, 12 females, median 47 years) were enrolled prospectively from June 2010 to June 2012. Patients were included if they had a solitary supratentorial intracerebral lesion compressing or infiltrating the CST according to preoperative MRI. Subcortical CST mapping was performed by monopolar (cathodal) stimulation (500 Hz, 400 μs, 5 pulses). CST DTT was made both at preoperative and intraoperative 3.0T MRI. Subcortical motor-evoked potential threshold current and probe-CST distance were recorded at 155 points before and at 103 points after iMRI. Current-distance correlations were performed both for pre-iMRI and for post-iMRI data. RESULTS: The correlation coefficient pre-iMRI was R = 0.470 (P < .001); post-iMRI, the correlation coefficient was R = 0.338 (P < .001). MRI radical resection was achieved in 17 patients (68%), subtotal in 5 (24%), and partial in 3 (12%). Postoperative paresis developed in 8 patients (32%); the paresis was permanent in 1 case (4%). CONCLUSION: The linear current-distance correlation was found both in pre-iMRI and in post-iMRI data. Intraoperative image distortion appeared in 36%. Neurophysiological subcortical mapping remains superior to DTT. Combining these 2 methods in selected cases can help increase the safety of tumor resection close to the CST.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- elektroencefalografie MeSH
- evokované potenciály fyziologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- mapování mozku * MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- nádory mozku diagnóza chirurgie MeSH
- neurochirurgické výkony MeSH
- peroperační monitorování * MeSH
- pyramidové dráhy patologie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- svalová síla fyziologie MeSH
- zobrazování difuzních tenzorů * MeSH
- zobrazování trojrozměrné MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
At the nodes of Ranvier, excitable axon membranes are exposed directly to the extracellular fluid. Cations are accumulated and depleted in the local extracellular nodal region during action potential propagation, but the impact of the extranodal micromilieu on signal propagation still remains unclear. Brain-specific hyaluronan-binding link protein, Bral1, colocalizes and forms complexes with negatively charged extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, such as versican V2 and brevican, at the nodes of Ranvier in the myelinated white matter. The link protein family, including Bral1, appears to be the linchpin of these hyaluronan-bound ECM complexes. Here we report that the hyaluronan-associated ECM no longer shows a nodal pattern and that CNS nerve conduction is markedly decreased in Bral1-deficient mice even though there were no differences between wild-type and mutant mice in the clustering or transition of ion channels at the nodes or in the tissue morphology around the nodes of Ranvier. However, changes in the extracellular space diffusion parameters, measured by the real-time iontophoretic method and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), suggest a reduction in the diffusion hindrances in the white matter of mutant mice. These findings provide a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the accumulation of cations due to diffusion barriers around the nodes during saltatory conduction, which further implies the importance of the Bral1-based extramilieu for neuronal conductivity.
- MeSH
- akční potenciály * fyziologie MeSH
- buněčná membrána metabolismus MeSH
- centrální nervový systém * metabolismus ultrastruktura MeSH
- difuze MeSH
- difuzní magnetická rezonance MeSH
- extracelulární matrix metabolismus MeSH
- gating iontového kanálu fyziologie MeSH
- iontové kanály metabolismus MeSH
- kationty metabolismus MeSH
- kyselina hyaluronová metabolismus MeSH
- myši inbrední ICR MeSH
- myši knockoutované MeSH
- myši MeSH
- nervová vlákna myelinizovaná * metabolismus ultrastruktura MeSH
- nervové vedení * fyziologie MeSH
- proteiny nervové tkáně genetika metabolismus MeSH
- proteoglykany genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Ranvierovy zářezy * metabolismus ultrastruktura MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study evaluating a cohort of patients with spondylotic cervical spine compression. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the potential of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of the cervical spinal cord in the detection of changes associated with spondylotic myelopathy, with particular reference to clinical and electrophysiological findings. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may provide confusing findings because of a frequent disproportion between the degree of the spinal cord compression and clinical symptoms. The DTI is known to be more sensitive to subtle pathological changes of the spinal cord compared with conventional MRI. METHODS: The DTI of the cervical spinal cord was performed within a group of 52 patients with spondylotic spinal cord compression and 13 healthy volunteers on a 1.5-T MRI scanner. All patients underwent clinical examination that differentiated between asymptomatic and symptomatic myelopathy subgroups, and 45 patients underwent electrophysiological examination. We measured the apparent diffusion coefficient and fractional anisotropy of the spinal cord at C2/C3 level without compression and at the maximal compression level (MCL). Sagittal spinal canal diameter, cross-sectional spinal cord area, and presence of T2 hyperintensity at the MCL were also recorded. Nonparametric statistical testing was used for comparison of controls with subgroups of patients. RESULTS: Significant differences in both the DTI parameters measured at the MCL, between patients with compression and control group, were found, while no difference was observed at the noncompression level. Moreover, fractional anisotropy values were lower and apparent diffusion coefficient values were higher at the MCL in the symptomatic patients than in the asymptomatic patients. The DTI showed higher potential to discriminate between clinical subgroups in comparison with standard MRI parameters and electrophysiological findings. CONCLUSION: The DTI appears to be a promising imaging modality in patients with spondylotic spinal cord compression. It reflects the presence of symptomatic myelopathy and shows considerable potential for discriminating between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- komprese míchy diagnóza etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- krční obratle patologie patofyziologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mícha patologie MeSH
- motorické evokované potenciály fyziologie MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- somatosenzorické evokované potenciály fyziologie MeSH
- spondylóza komplikace diagnóza patofyziologie MeSH
- zobrazování difuzních tenzorů metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The real-time iontophoretic method using tetramethylammonium-selective microelectrodes and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging were used to measure the extracellular space volume fraction alpha, tortuosity lambda and apparent diffusion coefficient of water (ADC(W)) 240 min after the administration of pilocarpine in urethane-anaesthetized rats. The obtained data were correlated with extracellular lactate, glucose, and glutamate concentrations and the lactate/pyruvate-ratio, determined by intracerebral microdialysis. The control values of alpha and lambda were 0.19+/-0.004 and 1.58+/-0.01, respectively. Following pilocarpine application, alpha decreased to 0.134+/-0.012 100 min later. Thereafter alpha increased, reaching 0.176+/-0.009 140 min later. No significant changes in lambda were observed during the entire time course of the experiment. ADC(W) was significantly decreased 100 min after pilocarpine application (549+/-8 microm(2) s(-1)) compared to controls (603+/-11 microm(2) s(-1)); by the end of the experiments, ADC(W) had returned to control values. The basal cortical levels of lactate, the lactate/pyruvate ratio, glucose and glutamate were 0.61+/-0.05 mmol/l, 33.16+/-4.26, 2.42+/-0.13 mmol/l and 6.55+/-1.31 micromol/l. Pilocarpine application led to a rise in lactate, the lactate/pyruvate ratio and glutamate levels, reaching 2.92+/-0.60 mmol/l, 84.80+/-11.72 and 22.39+/-5.85 micromol/l within about 100 min, with a subsequent decrease to control values 140 min later. The time course of changes in glucose levels was different, with maximal levels of 3.49+/-0.24 mmol/l reached 40 min after pilocarpine injection and a subsequent decrease to 1.25+/-0.40 mmol/l observed 200 min later. Pathologically increased neuronal activity induced by pilocarpine causes cell swelling followed by a reduction in the ECS volume fraction, which can contribute to the accumulation of toxic metabolites and lead to the start of epileptic discharges.
- MeSH
- agonisté muskarinových receptorů MeSH
- difuzní magnetická rezonance MeSH
- draslík metabolismus MeSH
- elektrický šok MeSH
- energetický metabolismus fyziologie účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- extracelulární prostor metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- glukosa metabolismus MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- kyselina mléčná MeSH
- membránové potenciály fyziologie MeSH
- mikrodialýza MeSH
- mozek - chemie fyziologie účinky léků MeSH
- mozková kůra metabolismus patofyziologie MeSH
- pilokarpin MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- sodík metabolismus MeSH
- status epilepticus chemicky indukované metabolismus patofyziologie MeSH
- tělesná voda metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
A wide range of imaging studies provides growing support for the potential role of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in evaluating microstructural white matter integrity in Alzheimer disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Our review aims to present DTI principles, post-processing and analysis frameworks and to report the results of particular studies. The distribution of AD-related white matter abnormalities is widely discussed in the light of deteriorated connectivity within certain tracts due to secondary white matter degeneration; primary alterations are also assumed to contribute to the pattern. The question whether it is more effective to assess the whole-brain diffusion or to directly concentrate on specific regions remains an interesting issue. Assessing white matter microstructure alterations, as evaluated by group-level differences of tensor-derived parameters, may be a promising neuroimaging tool for differential diagnosis between AD, MCI and other cognitive disorders, as well as being particularly helpful in the interpretation of underlying pathological processes.
- MeSH
- Alzheimerova nemoc komplikace diagnóza patologie MeSH
- diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
- kognitivní dysfunkce etiologie MeSH
- kognitivní poruchy diagnóza MeSH
- leukoencefalopatie diagnóza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mozek patologie MeSH
- zobrazování difuzních tenzorů * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH