Study was focused on the evaluation of pesticide adsorption in soils, as one of the parameters, which are necessary to know when assessing possible groundwater contamination caused by pesticides commonly used in agriculture. Batch sorption tests were performed for 11 selected pesticides and 13 representative soils. The Freundlich equations were used to describe adsorption isotherms. Multiple-linear regressions were used to predict the Freundlich adsorption coefficients from measured soil properties. Resulting functions and a soil map of the Czech Republic were used to generate maps of the coefficient distribution. The multiple linear regressions showed that the K(F) coefficient depended on: (a) combination of OM (organic matter content), pH(KCl) and CEC (cation exchange capacity), or OM, SCS (sorption complex saturation) and salinity (terbuthylazine), (b) combination of OM and pH(KCl), or OM, SCS and salinity (prometryne), (c) combination of OM and pH(KCl), or OM and ρ(z) (metribuzin), (d) combination of OM, CEC and clay content, or clay content, CEC and salinity (hexazinone), (e) combination of OM and pH(KCl), or OM and SCS (metolachlor), (f) OM or combination of OM and CaCO(3) (chlorotoluron), (g) OM (azoxystrobin), (h) combination of OM and pH(KCl) (trifluralin), (i) combination of OM and clay content (fipronil), (j) combination of OM and pH(KCl), or OM, pH(KCl) and CaCO(3) (thiacloprid), (k) combination of OM, pH(KCl) and CEC, or sand content, pH(KCl) and salinity (chlormequat chloride).

• MeSH
• adsorpce MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu chemie   MeSH
• pesticidy chemie   MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• termodynamika MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Pterostilbene (PTE), a dimethylated analogue of resveratrol, mostly contained in Vitis vinifera leaves or in other plant sources is well-known for its antioxidant activity. Due to its bioavailability, low hydrophilicity and thus ability to penetrate hydrophobic biological membranes it was found to be an antimicrobial agent. These properties of PTE offer the possibility of its use in the treatment of microbial infections. The emergence of antibiotic resistance of microorganisms is often caused by their ability to form biofilm; new substances with antibiofilm activity are therefore sought. The representatives of opportunistic pathogenic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi were used for the determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC50 and MIC80), minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBIC50 and MBIC80) and minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBEC50 and MBEC80) of PTE and commonly used antibiotics erythromycin, polymyxin B or antimycotic amphotericin B. Total biofilm biomass was investigated by crystal violet staining, and the results were confirmed using microscopic techniques. The most significant antibiofilm action was proved for gram-positive cocci, e.g., MBEC50 of PTE for all strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis tested was 25 mg/L. By contrast, the antibiotic ERM did not exhibit antibiofilm activity in most cases. The permeabilization of cell membranes of gram-positive cocci biofilm by MBIC50 and MBEC50 of PTE was confirmed by LIVE/DEAD staining using spinning disc confocal microscopy. PTE significantly influenced the ability of gram-positive cocci to form biofilm and it effectively eradicated pre-formed biofilm in vitro; its potential for the treatment of biofilm-associated infections of Staphylococcus spp. or Enterococcus faecalis is thus apparent.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• antioxidancia farmakologie   MeSH
• biofilmy účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Enterococcus faecalis účinky léků   MeSH
• gramnegativní bakterie účinky léků   MeSH
• grampozitivní bakterie účinky léků   MeSH
• grampozitivní koky účinky léků   MeSH
• listy rostlin chemie   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa účinky léků   MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty farmakologie   MeSH
• Staphylococcus epidermidis účinky léků   MeSH
• stilbeny farmakologie   MeSH
• Vitis chemie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Vitis vinifera canes are waste material of grapevine pruning and thus represent cheap source of high-value polyphenols. In view of the fact that resistance of many pathogenic microorganisms to antibiotics is a growing problem, the antimicrobial activity of plant polyphenols is studied as one of the possible approaches. We have investigated the total phenolic content, composition, antioxidant activity, and antifungal activity against Candida biofilm of an extract from winter canes and a commercially available extract from blue grapes. Light microscopy and confocal microscopy imaging as well as crystal violet staining were used to quantify and visualize the biofilm. We found a decrease in cell adhesion to the surface depending on the concentration of resveratrol in the cane extract. The biofilm formation was observed as metabolic activity of Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis and Candida krusei biofilm cells and the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations were determined. The highest inhibition of metabolic activity was observed in Candida albicans biofilm after treatment with the cane extract (30 mg/L) and blue grape extract (50 mg/L). The composition of cane extract was analyzed and found to be comparatively different from blue grape extract. In addition, the content of total phenolic groups in cane extract was three-times higher (12.75 gGA/L). The results showed that cane extract was more effective in preventing biofilm formation than blue grape extract and winter canes have proven to be a potential source of polyphenols for antimicrobial and antibiofilm treatment.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) are manmade or natural chemicals that have the ability to interfere with the endocrine system of animals. They have not been monitored systematically in the Czech Republic. The goal of the present study was the characterization of aquatic environmental pollution from the Brno (Czech Republic) city agglomeration focusing on EDC. Passive sampling devices, as well as semipermeable membrane devices (SPMD) and polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS), were used for the pilot assessment of EDC. They were deployed for 21- to 28-d periods at nine locations in the Svratka and Svitava Rivers, Brno, Czech Republic, including at the inlet and outlet of Brno's wastewater treatment plant. The SPMDs were used to monitor nonpolar compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and organochlorinated pesticides (OCP). The POCIS were used to monitor polar compounds such as pesticides and their metabolites, perfluoro-organic compounds (PFOC), and pharmaceuticals. The passive samplers allowed very low detection limits for soluble (bioavailable) fractions of pollutants. The contribution of PAH, PCB, and HCB in sewage water to pollution of the Svratka River was low. The Brno wastewater treatment plant was identified as the main source of pharmaceuticals, triclosan, methyl triclosan, and some polar pesticides.

• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza   MeSH
• čištění vody MeSH
• endokrinní disruptory analýza   MeSH
• fluorokarbony analýza   MeSH
• léčivé přípravky analýza   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• odpad tekutý - odstraňování MeSH
• pesticidy analýza   MeSH
• polychlorované bifenyly analýza   MeSH
• polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky analýza   MeSH
• řeky chemie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

This study investigated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) pollution of selected rivers in the Czech Republic. Integrated evaluation was carried out using combination of chemical and biological monitoring, in which we measured content of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) in chub bile and priority PAH in water samples obtained by exposing the semipermeable membrane devices at each location. The concentrations of 1-OHP in bile samples and sum of priority PAH in water sampler ranged from 6.8 ng mg protein(-1) to 106.6 ng mg protein(-1) and from 5.2 ng L(-1) to 173.9 ng L(-1), respectively. The highest levels of biliary metabolite and PAH in water were measured at the Odra River (the Bohumín site), which is located in relatively heavily industrialized and polluted region. Statistically significant positive correlation between biliary 1-OHP and sum of PAH in water was also obtained (P < 0.01, r s = 0.806).

• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza   MeSH
• Cyprinidae MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí * MeSH
• polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky analýza   MeSH
• řeky chemie   MeSH
• zeměpis MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Synthetic musk compounds are extensively used in personal care and cosmetic products all over the world. Afterwards, they are discharged into the environment mainly because they are not completely removed in wastewater treatment plants. The aim of this study was to investigate if a passive sampler is applicable for the monitoring of tonalide, a polycyclic musk compound, in the aquatic environment and to compare the levels of tonalide in pesticide-polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) and biota. For this purpose, four sampling localities on the three biggest rivers in the Czech Republic were selected. Tonalide was determined in POCIS at all sampling sites in the concentration ranging from 9 ng/POCIS (Labe River, Hradec Králové) to 25 ng/POCIS (Morava River, Blatec). The locality with the most frequent occurrence of tonalide in biota samples was the Morava River which well corresponded with the highest tonalide concentration in POCIS among sampling sites. The highest number of positive tonalide detections among all studied biota samples was found in fish plasma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evidence that tonalide bioaccumulates in fish blood. Tonalide levels were below the limit of quantification in benthos samples at all sampling sites.

• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza   MeSH
• kosmetické přípravky analýza   MeSH
• limita detekce MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• odpadní voda chemie   MeSH
• pesticidy analýza   MeSH
• řeky chemie   MeSH
• společenstvo MeSH
• tetrahydronaftaleny analýza   MeSH
• vodní organismy chemie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The concentrations of seven perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were investigated in 36 European chub (Squalius cephalus) individuals from six localities in the Czech Republic. Chub muscle and liver tissue were analysed at all sampling sites. In addition, analyses of 16 target PFASs were performed in Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers (POCISs) deployed in the water at the same sampling sites. We evaluated the possibility of using passive samplers as a standardized method for monitoring PFAS contamination in aquatic environments and the mutual relationships between determined concentrations. Only perfluorooctane sulphonate was above the LOQ in fish muscle samples and 52% of the analysed fish individuals exceeded the Environmental Quality Standard for water biota. Fish muscle concentration is also particularly important for risk assessment of fish consumers. The comparison of fish tissue results with published data showed the similarity of the Czech results with those found in Germany and France. However, fish liver analysis and the passive sampling approach resulted in different fish exposure scenarios. The total concentration of PFASs in fish liver tissue was strongly correlated with POCIS data, but pollutant patterns differed between these two matrices. The differences could be attributed to the metabolic activity of the living organism. In addition to providing a different view regarding the real PFAS cocktail to which the fish are exposed, POCISs fulfil the Three Rs strategy (replacement, reduction, and refinement) in animal testing.

• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza   MeSH
• Cyprinidae metabolismus   MeSH
• fluorokarbony analýza   MeSH
• játra chemie   MeSH
• kyseliny alkansulfonové analýza   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• svaly chemie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Monitoring the contamination level in aquatic environments and assessing the impact on aquatic life occurs throughout the world. In the present study, an approach based on a combination of biomarkers and the distribution of various industrial and municipal pollutants was used to investigate the effect of aquatic environmental contamination on fish. Monitoring was performed in ten rivers in the Czech Republic (Berounka, Dyje, Elbe, Lužnice, Odra, Ohře, Otava, Sázava, Svratka, and Vltava rivers, with one or two locations in each river) at the same sites that were regularly monitored within the Czech National Monitoring Program in 2007-2011. Health status, hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, total cytochrome P450 content, and the plasma vitellogenin concentration were assessed in wild chub (Squalius cephalus) males caught at the monitored sites. The contamination level was the highest in the Svratka River downstream of Brno. Among all measured persistent organic pollutants (POPs), polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites were the major contributors of POPs in fish muscle. Elbe, Odra, and Svratka rivers were identified as the most polluted. Fish from these locations showed reduced gonad size, increased vitellogenin concentration in male plasma, EROD, and total cytochrome P450 content. These biomarkers can be used for future environmental monitoring assessments. Overall, this study improves our understanding of the relationship between human activities and pollutant loads and further contributes to the decision to support local watershed managers to protect water quality in this region.

• MeSH
• analýza hlavních komponent MeSH
• biologické markery metabolismus   MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza   MeSH
• chlorované uhlovodíky analýza   MeSH
• Cyprinidae * MeSH
• cytochrom P-450 CYP1A1 metabolismus   MeSH
• DDT analýza   MeSH
• játra účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• kvalita vody MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí * MeSH
• polychlorované bifenyly analýza   MeSH
• řeky chemie   MeSH
• ryby metabolismus   MeSH
• systém (enzymů) cytochromů P-450 metabolismus   MeSH
• vitelogeniny krev   MeSH
• znečištění životního prostředí MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Pharmaceuticals as environmental contaminants have received a lot of interest over the past decade but, for several pharmaceuticals, relatively little is known about their occurrence in European surface waters. Benzodiazepines, a class of pharmaceuticals with anxiolytic properties, have received interest due to their behavioral modifying effect on exposed biota. In this study, our results show the presence of one or more benzodiazepine(s) in 86% of the analyzed surface water samples (n = 138) from 30 rivers, representing seven larger European catchments. Of the 13 benzodiazepines included in the study, we detected 9, which together showed median and mean concentrations (of the results above limit of quantification) of 5.4 and 9.6 ng L(-1), respectively. Four benzodiazepines (oxazepam, temazepam, clobazam, and bromazepam) were the most commonly detected. In particular, oxazepam had the highest frequency of detection (85%) and a maximum concentration of 61 ng L(-1). Temazepam and clobazam were found in 26% (maximum concentration of 39 ng L(-1)) and 14% (maximum concentration of 11 ng L(-1)) of the samples analyzed, respectively. Finally, bromazepam was found only in Germany and in 16 out of total 138 samples (12%), with a maximum concentration of 320 ng L(-1). This study clearly shows that benzodiazepines are common micro-contaminants of the largest European river systems at ng L(-1) levels. Although these concentrations are more than a magnitude lower than those reported to have effective effects on exposed biota, environmental effects cannot be excluded considering the possibility of additive and sub-lethal effects.

• MeSH
• benzodiazepiny analýza   MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• oxazepam analýza   MeSH
• řeky chemie   MeSH
• temazepam analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

Obecně přijaté typy lymfomů včetně jejich morfologických kódů jsou uvedeny v Klasifikaci nádorů Světové zdravotnické organizace vydané v roce 2008. Základní diagnostika lymfomů se opírá o histologické a imunohistologické vyšetření bioptického materiálu fixovaného ve f ormolu a zalitého do parafinu, v indikovaných případech doplněné hybridizací in sítu. Výhodou je dostupný nativní materiál, který umožňuje doplnit průtokovou cytometrii, cytogenetiku a zvyšuje výtěžnost molekulárních metod. Diskutují se základní diagnostické rysy nejčastějších typů lymfomů. Pro spolehlivou diagnostiku lymfomů je nezbytný reprezentativní odběr tkáně provedený před nasazením terapie. Během diagnostického procesu je důležitá komunikace mezi klinickým lékařem a patologem.

Generally accepted types of lymphomas including their morphological codes are covered by the World Health Organization Tumour Classification issued in 2008. The basic diagnostics of lymphoma relies on histological and immuno-histological examination of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsic material, followed by in situ hybridization in indicated cases. It is advantageous to have native material which makes it possible to apply flow cytometry and cytogenetic examination and increases the yield of molecular methods. The basic diagnostic features of the most common types of lymphomas are discussed in the article. For a reliable diagnosis of lymphoma it is necessary to have a representative sample of tissue obtained before administering any therapy. The communication between the clinician and the pathologist is essential during the diagnostic process.

• MeSH
• B-buněčný lymfom imunologie   klasifikace   patologie   MeSH
• biopsie metody   MeSH
• diagnostické techniky molekulární metody   MeSH
• histologické techniky metody   MeSH
• Hodgkinova nemoc * klasifikace   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymfom T-buněčný imunologie   klasifikace   patologie   MeSH
• nehodgkinský lymfom klasifikace   patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH