Locomotor performance
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The goal of the present study was to investigate the daily amount of motor activity and the daily rhythm of tryptophan and serotonin in goats housed in individual boxes under a 12/12 light/dark cycle. We equipped six Girgentana breed goats with Actiwatch-Mini® (Cambridge Neurotechnology Ltd, UK), actigraphy-based data loggers that record a digitally integrated measure of motor activity. Also blood samples were collected at four-hour intervals over a 48 h period via an intravenous cannula inserted into the jugular vein. The concentration of tryptophan (TRP) and serotonin (5-HT) were assessed by the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Our results outline a diurnal pattern of motor activity and levels of tryptophan in the serum, and a nocturnal pattern of levels of serotonin in the serum, which underline the impact of endogenous serotoninergic activity on the behavioural aspects of the circadian response to light.
Jízda na kole je běžně využívána pro individuální rekreaci i v procesu rehabilitační léčby. Nacházíme však nesprávné držení v oblasti krční páteře. Další skutečností je to, že jízda na kole za účelem vysokého výkonu nemusí vždy optimálně zatěžovat pohybovou soustavu Člověka. Pohyb dolních končetin nemusí vždy odpovídat lidským vrozeným pohybovým programům. Základem našeho přístupu je nalezení puncta fixa na sedle a řídítkách a puncta mobile distálně na pedálech. Dolní končetiny pracují jako generátor síly. Jízda na kole proto není přirozenou lidskou lokomocí. Při jízdě ve stoji nacházíme požadovanou vyšší aktivitu m. gluteus maximus.
Riding a bike is commonly ušed for individual recreation and during a rehabilitation treatment. However, we háve found an incorrect posture in the area of cervical spině. Also cycling for tne purpose of a high performance does not always háve to put optimum load on locomotion organs of a human being. Movement of lower extremities does not háve to correspond to the human congenital locomotor programme. The basis of our approach is to find puncta fixa on a bike saddle and handlebars and puncta mobile distally on pedals. Lower extremities work as a power generátor. Therefore riding a bike is not a natural human locomotion. When riding in a standing position we háve found a required higher activity of m. gluteus maximus.
The first step in a study of possible cognitive side effects of topiramate in immature rats is to determine if and how topiramate (TPM) influences motor ability and spontaneous behavior. We therefore studied the effects of TPM on motor performance of 12- and 25-day-old rats using age-appropriate tests. Spontaneous behavior in the open field was studied in 25-day-old animals only. TPM was administered intraperitoneally at 80 and/or 160 mg/kg; control rats were injected with solvent (dimethylsulfoxide). A battery of motor tests was conducted before and 1, 3, and 24 hours after administration; behavior in the open field was recorded 2 and 24 hours after TPM administration. The effects of TPM on motor performance were similar to those of solvent. A few differences were found only at the 3-hour interval in 12-day-old rats. Behavior in the open field was not impaired by TPM; on the contrary, an apparent anxiolytic effect was observed. Habituation (a decrease in locomotor activity during the 5-minute observation period), a form of simple nonassociative learning, was also not compromised by TPM. A single high dose of TPM resulted only in transient changes in motor performance. A possible anxiolytic effect observed in 25-day-old rats should be studied.
- MeSH
- antikonvulziva farmakologie MeSH
- chování zvířat účinky léků MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- fruktosa analogy a deriváty farmakologie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- metoda rotující tyčky MeSH
- novorozená zvířata fyziologie MeSH
- pátrací chování účinky léků MeSH
- pohybová aktivita účinky léků MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- psychomotorický výkon fyziologie účinky léků MeSH
- tělesná hmotnost účinky léků MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Play behavior is a promising welfare indicator in dairy calves because it decreases in negative situations such as pain or hunger and increases in positive contexts such as in appropriate social environments. Directly measuring play is time consuming because it is performed in irregular bouts and can be inconsistent over days. To facilitate automatic recording of play, previous studies fitted triaxial accelerometers to the hind legs of calves and measured the velocity of movements in large arenas; high correlations were reported between vertical axis peak duration and the duration of locomotor play. The current study aimed to validate accelerometers for recording spontaneous locomotor play in calves' home pens over longer periods. Data were collected from 48 Holstein Friesian calves, housed in groups of 3 in pens of 10 m2, at either 4 or 8 wk of age. Acceleration at the vertical axis of the hind leg was recorded at a rate of 1 Hz. One active time period for each calf was randomly selected (mean duration ± standard deviation = 34 ± 9 min). From video of the corresponding time period, the frequency of locomotor play events, consisting of run, turn, and buck/buck-kick, was recorded using behavior sampling. Combined counts of play events were highly correlated (Pearson r = 0.91) with counts of acceleration peaks. However, for calves with higher levels of locomotor play, this method underestimated the extent of play. Alternatively, run, turn, and buck events obtained from video were transformed by creating intervals of 10 s and then classifying each 10-s interval as comprising events of play ("play") or not comprising events of play ("no play"). The corresponding accelerometer data for all 10-s periods, equaling 10 consecutive readings each, were classified into play or no play by using quadratic discriminant analysis; 79% of periods with locomotor play were correctly classified. Counts of observed play intervals correlated with the counts of play periods from accelerometers (r = 0.87), but the discriminant analysis consistently overestimated play. In conclusion, accelerometer measurements at 1 Hz (in 1-s intervals) and at the vertical axis cannot be used alone to exactly quantify absolute levels of locomotor play in the home pen. However, counts of peak accelerations can provide a rough estimate of inter-individual differences in play events, and discriminant analysis can be used as a proxy for one-zero sampling of inter-individual differences in locomotor play.
- MeSH
- akcelerometrie veterinární MeSH
- audiovizuální záznam MeSH
- chování zvířat * MeSH
- lokomoce MeSH
- náhodné rozdělení MeSH
- pohoda zvířat * MeSH
- sociální prostředí MeSH
- záznamy jako téma MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- validační studie MeSH
PURPOSE: Vertical jump height is recognised as a determinant factor in elite volleyball performance. In previous studies there are different opinions on whether vertical jump height performance improves during maturation or not. The aim of this study was to assess the differences in jumping abilities in two different age groups of female volleyball players and to determine the take-off efficiency during repeated jumps. METHODS: Seventeen female volleyball players from two different age categories - adults and under 16 years - participated in this study. Quattro Jump 9290BA force platform (Kistler, Winterthur, Switzerland) was used to assess the jumping performance during squat jumps, counter movement jumps, and 45-second continuous jumps. RESULTS: Jumping performance did not differ significantly between the two groups. The main efficiency of the conversion of mechanical work into mechanical energy was only 24% and it decreased during the test. CONCLUSIONS: The influence of age on the jumping performance in a group of female volleyball players was not confirmed. Take-off efficiency was in both groups quite low and it did not improve during the test.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lokomoce fyziologie MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- věkové rozložení MeSH
- volejbal fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Drug addiction and its consequences on social life and behavior is currently a worldwide problem. Methamphetamine (MA) is one of the most abused psychostimulants in the Czech Republic. MA elevates mood, increases concentration, reduces appetite, and promotes weight loss. However, high doses and long-term abuse can induce psychosis, hallucinations, paranoia, violent behavior, and can lead to cardiovascular problems. Regarding its high prevalence and negative impact on health and social life, MA needs to be fully investigated. Previous studies have demonstrated the impairing effect of MA drug abuse on female behavior. However, MA's influence on male sexual behavior is not entirely clear. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of MA exposure on sexual behavior and spontaneous locomotor activity of adult male rats. MA was administrated subcutaneously at a dose of 5 mg/kg daily for a period of 30 days. The control group was exposed to saline (SA) at the same time and same volume. At the end of the application period, exposed male rats were paired with non-treated female rats, and their behavior was recorded for 2 h. Sexual mating behavior was described in terms of mounting frequency, intromission frequency, ejaculation frequency, sniffing time, intromission latency and the post-ejaculatory interval. Spontaneous locomotor activity in postnatally exposed male rats was studied using the Laboras apparatus. Acute doses of MA (1 mg/kg) or SA were administrated to probe the sensitizing effect of previous chronic MA exposure. Afterward, the animal was placed in an unknown environment and monitored for 1 h. Behavior was automatically evaluated using Laboras software by analyzing the following parameters: duration of locomotion (s), duration of immobility (s), rearing (vertical exploratory behavior), time spent grooming (s), average speed (mm/s), and distance traveled (m). Our results indicate that MA administration has a negligible effect on the sexual behavior of adult male rats. However, more experiments have to be performed to examine the influence of MA exposure on spermatogenesis and the behavior of offspring. Data from the Laboras test showed that MA exposure has a significant effect on locomotor activity in both acute as well as subchronic MA application. In conclusion, our results show that administration of MA in adult male rats does not affect sexual performance and motivation but does increase locomotor and exploratory activity in an unknown environment.
Well known for its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammation properties, curcumin is a polyphenol found in the rhizome of Curcuma longa. In this study, we evaluated the effects of curcumin on behavioral recovery, glial scar formation, tissue preservation, axonal sprouting, and inflammation after spinal cord injury (SCI) in male Wistar rats. The rats were randomized into two groups following a balloon compression injury at the level of T9-T10 of the spinal cord, namely vehicle- or curcumin-treated. Curcumin was applied locally on the surface of the injured spinal cord immediately following injury and then given intraperitoneally daily; the control rats were treated with vehicle in the same manner. Curcumin treatment improved behavioral recovery within the first week following SCI as evidenced by improved Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) test and plantar scores, representing locomotor and sensory performance, respectively. Furthermore, curcumin treatment decreased glial scar formation by decreasing the levels of MIP1α, IL-2, and RANTES production and by decreasing NF-κB activity. These results, therefore, demonstrate that curcumin has a profound anti-inflammatory therapeutic potential in the treatment of spinal cord injury, especially when given immediately after the injury.
- MeSH
- antiflogistika farmakologie MeSH
- imunomodulace * MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- kurkumin farmakologie MeSH
- mícha patofyziologie MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- obnova funkce * MeSH
- poranění míchy farmakoterapie imunologie patofyziologie MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Dnes je celospolečenskou záležitostí. Podílí se na něm složka zdravotní, sociální, ekonomická, státní správa a celá řada společenských organizací. Úroveň hendikepsportu je dokladem kulturní a sociální vyspělosti státu. První základy sportu lokomočně postižených lidí lze objevit v ústavech, kde se v průběhu druhé světové války provádělo doléčování neboli tzv. péče návratná (nyní nazývaná rehabilitace). U pohybově postižených bylo prvořadým úkolem zajistit lokomoci. Bylo nutné opětné získání rovnováhy těla, posílení zachovaného svalstva, event. i zapojení poškozených svalových skupin. Dále zvětšit rozsah hybnosti postižených kloubů. U ztrátových defektů částí těla (většinou po amputaci končetin) bylo nezbytně nutné vytvořit pomůcky (kompenzační nebo substituční) a postižené naučit jejich smysluplnému využití. Při výuce balancování byly využívány sportovní prvky-skoky, běh, vrhy, box. Posléze se z posudkových důvodů začala měřit výkonnost rehabilitovaných, do cvičení se vnášely další soutěživé prvky, pořádaly se hry. Jejich úkolem byla nejen možnost objektivního hodnocení dosažených výsledků, ale i motivace pro ostatní pacienty, aby se usnadnil jejich návrat do armády. V poválečném období na tuto tradici navázaly především ústavy v anglickém Stoke Mendeville a českých Kladrubech. Sportovní utkání invalidů se posléze rozšířila do celé Evropy. V roce 1960 se římské hry staly základem dnešních paralympiád.
At the time being, sport is a matter of interest of the society as a whole. Health and social services, economical institutions, state administration and a number of social organizations participate in this activity. The level of handicap sport in a country documents the degree of its cultural and social advancement. The origination of the sport of persons with involvements of the locomotor apparatus can be traced in institutes providing the subsequent care (currently referred to as rehabilitation) in the era of the World War II. Providing of the locomotor function in these patients was the primary task. It was necessary to recover the balance of the body, to strengthen intact muscles and possibly also to engage injured muscles. Enlargement of the extent of the mobility of involved joints was the next task. In defects due to losses of body parts (mostly after the amputation of extremities), it was quite necessary to manufacture compensating or substituting aids and to train the handicapped people in their meaningful use. In training the balancing, sport elements were employed: jumping, running, throwing, boxing. Thereafter, they started to measure the performance of the rehabilitated persons, mainly for medical advisory purposes, further competitive elements were introduced and games were arranged. They were aimed not only at the possibility of the objective evaluation of the results achieved, but also at the motivation of the other patients, in order that their return to the army might be supported. In the period after the war, particularly institutes in English Stoke Mendevilla and Czech Kladruby continued performing these activities. Sport competitions of disabled people were stepwise spread throughout Europe. In 1960, games in Roma established a basis of the contemporary Paralympics.
The deletion of M4 muscarinic receptors (MRs) changes biological rhythm parameters in females. Here, we searched for the mechanisms responsible for these changes. We performed biological rhythm analysis in two experiments: in experiment 1, the mice [C57Bl/6NTac (WT) and M4 MR -/- mice (KO)] were first exposed to a standard LD regime (12/12-h light/dark cycle) for 8 days and then subsequently exposed to constant darkness (for 24 h/day, DD regime) for another 16 days. In experiment 2, the mice (after the standard LD regime) were exposed to the DD regime and to one light pulse (zeitgeber time 14) on day 9. We also detected M1 MRs in brain areas implicated in locomotor biological rhythm regulation. In experiment 1, the biological rhythm activity curves differed: the period (τ, duration of diurnal cycle) was shorter in the DD regime. Moreover, the day mean, mesor (midline value), night mean and their difference were higher in KO animals. The time in which the maximal slope occurred was lower in the DD regime than in the LD regime in both WT and KO but was lower in KO than in WT mice. In experiment 2, there were no differences in biological rhythm parameters between WT and KO mice. The densities of M1 MRs in the majority of areas implicated in locomotor biological rhythm were low. A significant amount of M1 MR was found in the striatum. These results suggest that although core clock output is changed by M4 MR deletion, the structures involved in biological rhythm regulation in WT and KO animals are likely the same, and the most important areas are the striatum, thalamus and intergeniculate leaflet.
- MeSH
- aktigrafie MeSH
- lokomoce fyziologie MeSH
- myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
- myši knockoutované MeSH
- neostriatum fyziologie MeSH
- periodicita * MeSH
- receptor muskarinový M4 genetika fyziologie MeSH
- thalamus fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Typical N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists exhibit anticonvulsant action and unwanted effects, even in developing rats. Therefore, we studied the actions of the low-affinity, noncompetitive antagonist memantine and the NR2B-specific antagonist ifenprodil. Seizures (minimal clonic and generalized tonic-clonic) were elicited with pentylenetetrazol (100mg/kg subcutaneously) in rats 7, 12, 18, and 25 days old pretreated with memantine (2.5-40 mg/kg intraperitoneally) or ifenprodil (10-60 mg/kg intraperitoneally). The effects of both drugs were studied in open field and motor performance tests in 12-, 18-, and 25-day-old rats. Memantine suppressed generalized tonic-clonic seizures in all age groups; minimal seizures were potentiated. Ifenprodil abolished the tonic phase of generalized tonic-clonic seizures in 7-, 12-, and 18-day-old rats only; minimal seizures remained untouched. Memantine induced locomotor hyperactivity and compromised motor performance in all age groups. Ifenprodil exerted these effects only in 12-day-old rats; older animals were less active in open field tests. Memantine exhibits both anti- and pro-convulsant and behavioral effects typical of NMDA antagonists. Ifenprodil exerted the same effects in 12-day-old rats, but its anticonvulsant action in 18-day-old rats was accompanied by a decrease in locomotion.
- MeSH
- antagonisté excitačních aminokyselin farmakologie MeSH
- antikonvulziva farmakologie MeSH
- chování zvířat účinky léků MeSH
- epilepsie generalizovaná psychologie MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- konvulziva antagonisté a inhibitory farmakologie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- memantin farmakologie MeSH
- orientace účinky léků MeSH
- pentylentetrazol analogy a deriváty farmakologie MeSH
- piperidiny farmakologie MeSH
- pohybová aktivita účinky léků MeSH
- posturální rovnováha účinky léků MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- psychomotorický výkon účinky léků MeSH
- receptory N-methyl-D-aspartátu antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- síla ruky fyziologie MeSH
- učení účinky léků MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- záchvaty farmakoterapie psychologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
