Cytokinins are plant hormones with biological functions ranging from coordination of plant growth to the regulation of biotic and abiotic stress-related responses and senescence. The components of the plant immune system can learn from past elicitations by microbial pathogens and herbivores and adapt to new threats. It is known that plants can enter the primed state of enhanced defense induced by either natural or synthetic compounds. While the involvement of cytokinins in defense priming has been documented, no comprehensive model of their action has been provided to date. Here, we report the functional characterization of two aromatic cytokinin derivatives, 6-benzylaminopurine-9-arabinosides (BAPAs), 3-methoxy-BAPA and 3-hydroxy-BAPA, that proved to be effective in delaying senescence in detached leaves while having low interactions with the cytokinin pathway. An RNA-seq profiling study on Arabidopsis leaves treated with 3-methoxy-BAPA revealed that short and extended treatments with this compound shifted the transcriptional response markedly toward defense. Both treatments revealed upregulation of genes involved in processes associated with plant innate immunity such as cell wall remodeling and upregulation of specific MAP kinases, most importantly MPK11, which is a MAPK module involved in stress-related signaling during the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) response. In addition, elevated levels of JA and its metabolites, jasmonate/ethylene-driven upregulation of PLANT DEFENSIN 1.2 (PDF1.2) and other defensins, and also temporarily elevated levels of reactive oxygen species marked the plant response to 3-methoxy-BAPA treatment. Synergistic interactions were observed when plants were cotreated with 3-hydroxy-BAPA and the flagellin-derived bacterial PAMP peptide (flg22), leading to the enhanced expression of the PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) marker gene FRK1. Our data collectively show that some BAPAs can sensitively prime the PTI responses in a low micromolar range of concentrations while having no observable negative effects on the overall fitness of the plant.

• MeSH
• Arabidopsis chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• arabinonukleosidy chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• cytokininy chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• imunita rostlin účinky léků   MeSH
• listy rostlin účinky léků   MeSH
• MAP kinasový signální systém účinky léků   MeSH
• mitogenem aktivované proteinkinasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• molekulární struktura MeSH
• PAMP struktury farmakologie   MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin účinky léků   MeSH
• vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Imunitní systém je součástí komplexních tělních mechanizmů, zánětu, kterými člověk reaguje na expozici patogenním mikroorganizmům nebo poškození vlastních struktur. Především složky vrozené imunity jsou vybaveny receptory, kterými identifikují vzory patogenů PAMP a signály vnitřního poškození DAMP. Charakteristika zánětlivé odpovědi je určena aktuálními potřebami. Potenciál zánětlivé reakce je velký a jeho intenzita i rozsah musí být přísně regulovány na mnoha úrovních.

Immune system is the integral part of the complex body response, inflammation, which is raised either by the exposure to external signals, predominantly pathogens or by damage of own structures. Predominantly innate immunity is equiped by the receptors recognizing pathogenic PAMPs or signals of own damage DAMPs. The inflammatory response is reflecting the actual demand of our body. The potential of the inflammatory response is so powerful that its intensity and extent have to be carefully regulated on many levels.

• MeSH
• homeostáza fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• PAMP struktury imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• receptory rozpoznávající vzory imunologie   MeSH
• zánět * imunologie   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) is crucial for plant defence against pathogen attack. The best characterized PAMP is flg22, a 22 amino acid conserved peptide from flagellin protein. In Arabidopsis thaliana, flg22 is recognized by the flagellin sensing 2 (FLS2) receptor. In this study, we focused on biotic stress responses triggered by flg22 after exposure to temporary heat stress (HS). It is important to study the reactions of plants to multiple stress conditions because plants are often exposed simultaneously to a combination of both abiotic and biotic stresses. Transient early production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a well-characterized response to PAMP recognition. We demonstrate the strong reduction of flg22-induced ROS production in A. thaliana after HS treatment. In addition, a decrease in FLS2 transcription and a decrease of the FLS2 presence at the plasma membrane are shown after HS. In summary, our data show the strong inhibitory effect of HS on flg22-triggered events in A. thaliana. Subsequently, temporary HS strongly decreases the resistance of A. thaliana to Pseudomonas syringae. We propose that short exposure to high temperature is a crucial abiotic stress factor that suppresses PAMP-triggered immunity, which subsequently leads to the higher susceptibility of plants to pathogens.

• MeSH
• alarminy metabolismus   MeSH
• Arabidopsis účinky léků   genetika   imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• flagelin farmakologie   MeSH
• genetická transkripce účinky léků   MeSH
• imunita rostlin * účinky léků   MeSH
• nemoci rostlin imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• odolnost vůči nemocem imunologie   MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Pseudomonas syringae účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• reakce na tepelný šok * účinky léků   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin účinky léků   MeSH
• respirační vzplanutí účinky léků   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• B-lymfocyty MeSH
• imunitní systém - jevy MeSH
• imunitní systém * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymfocyty MeSH
• PAMP struktury * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

The existence of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on immune cells was discussed in 1989 by Charles Janeway, Jr., who proposed a general concept of the ability of PRRs to recognize and bind conserved molecular structures of microorganisms known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Upon PAMP engagement, PRRs trigger intracellular signaling cascades resulting in the expression of various proinflammatory molecules. These recognition molecules represent an important and efficient innate immunity tool of all organisms. As invertebrates lack the instruments of the adaptive immune system, based on "true" lymphocytes and functional antibodies, the importance of PRRs are even more fundamental. In the present review, the structure, specificity, and expression profiles of PRRs characterized in annelids are discussed, and their role in innate defense is suggested.

• MeSH
• kroužkovci imunologie   MeSH
• membránové glykoproteiny chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• PAMP struktury imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• přirozená imunita * MeSH
• proteiny akutní fáze chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• receptory rozpoznávající vzory chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese MeSH
• signální transdukce imunologie   MeSH
• tkáňová distribuce MeSH
• toll-like receptory chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• transportní proteiny chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• PRR,
• MeSH
• adaptivní imunita fyziologie   MeSH
• homeostáza fyziologie   MeSH
• imunitní systém - jevy * MeSH
• klonální selekce zprostředkovaná antigeny fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymfocyty fyziologie   MeSH
• PAMP struktury MeSH
• receptory antigenů fyziologie   MeSH
• zánět etiologie   imunologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• vycvičená imunita,
• MeSH
• adaptivní imunita MeSH
• bezobratlí imunologie   MeSH
• imunita rostlin MeSH
• imunitní systém - jevy * MeSH
• imunologická paměť * MeSH
• obratlovci imunologie   MeSH
• PAMP struktury MeSH
• přirozená imunita MeSH
• rostliny MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Red blood cells (RBCs), also known as erythrocytes, are underestimated in their role in the immune system. In mammals, erythrocytes undergo maturation that involves the loss of nuclei, resulting in limited transcription and protein synthesis capabilities. However, the nucleated nature of non-mammalian RBCs is challenging this conventional understanding of RBCs. Notably, in bony fishes, research indicates that RBCs are not only susceptible to pathogen attacks but express immune receptors and effector molecules. However, given the abundance of RBCs and their interaction with every physiological system, we postulate that they act in surveillance as sentinels, rapid responders, and messengers. METHODS: We performed a series of in vitro experiments with Cyprinus carpio RBCs exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila, as well as in vivo laboratory infections using different concentrations of bacteria. RESULTS: qPCR revealed that RBCs express genes of several inflammatory cytokines. Using cyprinid-specific antibodies, we confirmed that RBCs secreted tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interferon gamma (IFNγ). In contrast to these indirect immune mechanisms, we observed that RBCs produce reactive oxygen species and, through transmission electron and confocal microscopy, that RBCs can engulf particles. Finally, RBCs expressed and upregulated several putative toll-like receptors, including tlr4 and tlr9, in response to A. hydrophila infection in vivo. DISCUSSION: Overall, the RBC repertoire of pattern recognition receptors, their secretion of effector molecules, and their swift response make them immune sentinels capable of rapidly detecting and signaling the presence of foreign pathogens. By studying the interaction between a bacterium and erythrocytes, we provide novel insights into how the latter may contribute to overall innate and adaptive immune responses of teleost fishes.

• MeSH
• Aeromonas hydrophila * imunologie   MeSH
• cytokiny * metabolismus   imunologie   MeSH
• erytrocyty * imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• fagocytóza imunologie   MeSH
• gramnegativní bakteriální infekce * imunologie   MeSH
• kapři * imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• nemoci ryb * imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• PAMP struktury imunologie   MeSH
• přirozená imunita MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Plant plasma membrane associated proteins play significant roles in Microbe-Associated Molecular Pattern (MAMP) mediated defence responses including signal transduction, membrane transport or energetic metabolism. To elucidate the dynamics of proteins associated with plasma membrane in response to cryptogein, a well-known MAMP of defence reaction secreted by the oomycete Phytophthora cryptogea, 2D-Blue Native/SDS gel electrophoresis of plasma membrane fractions was employed. This approach revealed 21 up- or down-regulated protein spots of which 15 were successfully identified as proteins related to transport through plasma membrane, vesicle trafficking, and metabolic enzymes including cytosolic NADP-malic enzyme and glutamine synthetase. Observed changes in proteins were also confirmed on transcriptional level by qRT-PCR analysis. In addition, a significantly decreased accumulation of transcripts observed after employment of a mutant variant of cryptogein Leu41Phe, exhibiting a conspicuous defect in induction of resistance, sustains the contribution of identified proteins in cryptogein-triggered cellular responses. Our data provide further evidence for dynamic MAMP-induced changes in plasma membrane associated proteins.

• MeSH
• buněčná membrána metabolismus   MeSH
• chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
• elektroforéza v polyakrylamidovém gelu MeSH
• fungální proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• membránové proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• PAMP struktury metabolismus   MeSH
• Phytophthora fyziologie   MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• tabák genetika   metabolismus   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• trypsin chemie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• imunopatogeneze, PRR,
• MeSH
• adaptivní imunita fyziologie   MeSH
• aktivní imunoterapie MeSH
• autofagie fyziologie   imunologie   MeSH
• granulom patofyziologie   patologie   MeSH
• imunitní únik fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis * cytologie   imunologie   patogenita   MeSH
• PAMP struktury MeSH
• receptory imunologické MeSH
• T-lymfocyty imunologie   MeSH
• tuberkulóza diagnóza   imunologie   patofyziologie   přenos   MeSH
• zánět * etiologie   imunologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH