PARC Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
Měření mnoha důležitých psychologických konceptů jako jsou kvalita života související se zdravím, spokojenost s různými typy veřejných a soukromých služeb, osobnost nebo postoje, se nejčastěji opírá o různé dotazníky. Tyto dotazníkové metody jsou však založeny na subjektivním svědectví jednotlivce o jeho vlastnostech, pocitech, postojích atd. Relevantní odpovědi poskytují pouze tehdy, mají-li respondenti dobře vyvinutou introspekci, důvod otevřít se, vyjádřit se a poskytnout adekvátní a relevantní odpovědi. Projektivní metody představují alternativní možnost měření psychologických konceptů s potenciálním snížením vědomé či nevědomé zaujatosti. Metoda asociace barev (The Colour Association Method; CA) je pokročilá projektivní technika, inspirovaná Lüscherovým testem barev a slovních asociací, která využívá objektivního vyhodnocení počítačových dat a překonává tak jednu z hlavních slabin projektivních metod. Cílem studie je prozkoumat schopnost standardního dotazníku a metody CA v zachycení reakce lidí na různé podněty s emočním nábojem. K tomuto účelu bude do studie zařazen vzorek 101 jedinců, kdy každý z nich bude vystaven 145 různým předem definovaným podnětům. Bude provedeno srovnání fyziologických odpovědí (průtok krve mozkem, elektrická aktivita mozku, variabilita srdeční frekvence a kožní impedance) na tyto podněty a vnímání podnětů měřených dotazníkem a metodou CA s cílem zjistit, která metoda poskytuje přesnější informace o skutečném emočním vnímání podnětů. Tato zjištění mohou mít důležité důsledky pro použití dotazníku a metody CA k měření různých psychologických konceptů.
Measurement of many important psychological concepts, such as health-related quality of life, satisfaction with different types of public and private services, personality, or attitudes, is most often based on various questionnaires. Nevertheless, this method is based on the subjective testimony of an individual about his/her features, feelings, attitudes, etc. It provides relevant responses only when respondents have well developed introspection, a reason to open up, express themselves, and provide adequate and relevant answers. Projective methods represent an alternative option to measure psychological concepts with the potential reduction of conscious or unconscious bias. The Colour Association Method (CA method) is an advanced projective technique, based on principles of the Lüscher colour test and word associations, which uses an objective computer data evaluation and thus overcomes one of the main weaknesses of projective methods. The study aims to investigate the ability of standard questionnaire and CA method to capture the responses of humans to different stimuli with emotional charge. A sample of 101 individuals will be used for this purpose, where each of them will be exposed to 145 different predefined stimuli. Comparison of physiological responses (cerebral blood flow, electrical activity of the brain, heart rate variability, and skin conductance response) to these stimuli and the perception of the stimuli measured by the questionnaire and CA method will be performed to determine which method provides a more accurate information on the real perception of the stimuli. These findings may have important consequences for the use of the questionnaire and the CA method to measure different psychological concepts.
- Klíčová slova
- kožní impedance, metoda asociace barev,
- MeSH
- emoce * fyziologie MeSH
- klinická studie jako téma MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mozkový krevní oběh MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- psychometrie * metody MeSH
- srdeční frekvence MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Current approaches for the assessment of environmental and human health risks due to exposure to chemical substances have served their purpose reasonably well. Nevertheless, the systems in place for different uses of chemicals are faced with various challenges, ranging from a growing number of chemicals to changes in the types of chemicals and materials produced. This has triggered global awareness of the need for a paradigm shift, which in turn has led to the publication of new concepts for chemical risk assessment and explorations of how to translate these concepts into pragmatic approaches. As a result, next-generation risk assessment (NGRA) is generally seen as the way forward. However, incorporating new scientific insights and innovative approaches into hazard and exposure assessments in such a way that regulatory needs are adequately met has appeared to be challenging. The European Partnership for the Assessment of Risks from Chemicals (PARC) has been designed to address various challenges associated with innovating chemical risk assessment. Its overall goal is to consolidate and strengthen the European research and innovation capacity for chemical risk assessment to protect human health and the environment. With around 200 participating organisations from all over Europe, including three European agencies, and a total budget of over 400 million euro, PARC is one of the largest projects of its kind. It has a duration of seven years and is coordinated by ANSES, the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety.
Carcinogenic chemicals, or their metabolites, can be classified as genotoxic or non-genotoxic carcinogens (NGTxCs). Genotoxic compounds induce DNA damage, which can be detected by an established in vitro and in vivo battery of genotoxicity assays. For NGTxCs, DNA is not the primary target, and the possible modes of action (MoA) of NGTxCs are much more diverse than those of genotoxic compounds, and there is no specific in vitro assay for detecting NGTxCs. Therefore, the evaluation of the carcinogenic potential is still dependent on long-term studies in rodents. This 2-year bioassay, mainly applied for testing agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals, is time-consuming, costly and requires very high numbers of animals. More importantly, its relevance for human risk assessment is questionable due to the limited predictivity for human cancer risk, especially with regard to NGTxCs. Thus, there is an urgent need for a transition to new approach methodologies (NAMs), integrating human-relevant in vitro assays and in silico tools that better exploit the current knowledge of the multiple processes involved in carcinogenesis into a modern safety assessment toolbox. Here, we describe an integrative project that aims to use a variety of novel approaches to detect the carcinogenic potential of NGTxCs based on different mechanisms and pathways involved in carcinogenesis. The aim of this project is to contribute suitable assays for the safety assessment toolbox for an efficient and improved, internationally recognized hazard assessment of NGTxCs, and ultimately to contribute to reliable mechanism-based next-generation risk assessment for chemical carcinogens.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a critical player in the crosstalk between the gut microbiota and its host. However, factors regulating AhR within the gut, which is a complex metabolomic environment, are poorly understood. This study investigates the effect of a combination of metabolites on the activation mechanism of AhR. AhR activity was evaluated using both a luciferase reporter system and mRNA levels of AhR target genes on human cell lines and human colonic explants. AhR activation was studied by radioligand-binding assay, nuclear translocation of AhR by immuofluorescence and protein co-immunoprecipitation of AhR with ARNT. Indirect activation of AhR was evaluated using several tests and inhibitors. The promoter of the target gene CYP1A1 was studied both by chromatin immunoprecipitation and by using an histone deacetylase HDAC inhibitor (iHDAC). Short-chain fatty acids, and butyrate in particular, enhance AhR activity mediated by endogenous tryptophan metabolites without binding to the receptor. This effect was confirmed in human intestinal explants and did not rely on activation of receptors targeted by SCFAs, inhibition of AhR degradation or clearance of its ligands. Butyrate acted directly on AhR target gene promoter to reshape chromatin through iHDAC activity. Our findings revealed that butyrate is not an AhR ligand but acts as iHDAC leading to an increase recruitment of AhR to the target gene promoter in the presence of tryptophan-derived AhR agonists. These data contribute to a novel understanding of the complex regulation of AhR activation by gut microbiota-derived metabolites.
- MeSH
- butyráty farmakologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ligandy MeSH
- receptory aromatických uhlovodíků * genetika metabolismus MeSH
- střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
- tryptofan MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Drugs, ISSN 0012-6667 vol. 59, special issue 1, 2000
41 s. : tab., grafy ; 26 cm
The development of resistance to quinolones (nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin) in 2006-2008 was evaluated in 317 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from healthy chicken broilers from various farms. The isolates (2006/2007/2008) showed a high resistance to nalidixic acid (87/85/67 %), ciprofloxacin (CIP) (49/54/29 %) and enrofloxacin (ENR) (52/42/22 %). Nalidixic acid-resistant isolates with low level of MIC for CIP and ENR represented a single mutation; intermediary MIC for CIP and ENR were related to two mutations and high level resistance MIC for CIP (> or =4 mg/L) and ENR (> or =16 mg/L) represented three mutations (two in gyrA and one in parC). There was a correlation between the phenotype reading of high-level resistance and mutations in gyrA (Ser83Leu, Asp87Tyr or Asp87Asn) and parC (Ser80Ile) gene. Plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistance qnrS gene was detected in one Escherichia coli strain with a high level of ciprofloxacin resistance. Our results demonstrate the increase in occurrence of multiresistant E. coli strains with a high level of chromosomal and plasmid resistance to fluoroquinolones.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie MeSH
- bakteriální chromozomy MeSH
- bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
- chinolony farmakologie MeSH
- DNA gyráza genetika MeSH
- DNA-topoisomerasa IV genetika MeSH
- Escherichia coli izolace a purifikace účinky léků MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- kur domácí mikrobiologie MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- missense mutace MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- plazmidy MeSH
- proteiny z Escherichia coli genetika MeSH
- sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
- substituce aminokyselin MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakokinetika MeSH
- bakteriální léková rezistence genetika účinky léků MeSH
- DNA gyráza genetika imunologie účinky léků MeSH
- DNA-topoisomerasa IV genetika imunologie účinky léků MeSH
- fluorochinolony farmakokinetika terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mutace genetika imunologie MeSH
- plazmidy genetika imunologie účinky léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- směrnice pro lékařskou praxi MeSH
