Pollen development
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Alergie na pyly břízovitých stromů je narůstajícím problémem průmyslových zemí. Onemocnění se vyvíjí u predisponovaných osob v důsledku inhalace pylových zrn břízy a dalších příbuzných stromů. Klinické projevy alergie na pyl jarních stromů (sezónní alergická rhinokonjunktivitis, sezónní alergické astma bronchiale a sekundární pylově potravinový syndrom) mají signifikantně negativní vliv na kvalitu života pacientů. Tento přehledový článek pojednává o taxonomii stromů, zkřížené reaktivitě mezi nimi a mezi relevantními potravinami, epidemiologii, vlivu klimatických změn a v neposlední řadě o možnostech léčby včetně alergenové imunoterapie.
Tree pollen allergy presents an increasing problem in industrialized countries. This disease develops in sensitised people after inhalation of pollen grains of birch and other related trees. Clinical symptoms of tree pollen allergy (seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, seasonal asthma bronchiale and secondary pollen food syndrome) have significant negative impact on the quality of life in these patients. The purpose of this review is to touch the taxonomy of the trees, describe cross-reactivity of relevant allergens, prevalence, the influence of climatic changes and to stress the importance of allergen immunotherapy as a disease modifying treatment.
- Klíčová slova
- zkřížená reaktivita, pylově potravinový syndrom,
- MeSH
- bříza škodlivé účinky MeSH
- břízovité škodlivé účinky MeSH
- desenzibilizace imunologická MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- sezónní alergická rýma * patofyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Alergie na roztoče patří mezi jednu z nejčastějších příčin alergické rýmy. Mezi hlavní druhy roztočů bytového prachu patří Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus a Dermatophagoides farinae. Alergická rýma způsobená roztoči bytového prachu je vysoce rozšířené, ale často poddiagnostikované a nedostatečně léčené chronické onemocnění. Má negativní dopad na spánek, práci, volnočasové aktivity a kvalitu života. Pacienti alergičtí na roztoče mají výrazně vyšší riziko vývoje do astmatu ve srovnání s pylovými alergiky. Alergenová imunoterapie má chorobu modifikující účinek, potenciál zabránit další progresi alergických projevů a navozuje vznik alergen specifické imunologické tolerance, přetrvávající několik let po jejím ukončení. K novým možnostem alergenové imunoterapie řadíme sublingvální alergenovou imunoterapii v podobě 300 IR HDM SLIT tablety, která je nyní dostupná i v České republice. Je prokázáno, že je tato léčba efektivní a dobře tolerovaná. Článek prezentuje výsledky klinických studií před uvedením léku na trh.
Allergy to dust mites is one of the most common causes of allergic rhinitis. The two main species od house dust mites are Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae. Allergic rhinitis induced by dust mites is a highly prevalent but often underdiagnosed and undertreated chronic disease. It has a negative impact on sleep, work, leisure activities and quality of life. Patients allergic to dust mites have a significantly higher risk of developing into asthma than those allergic to pollens. Allergen immunotherapy has a disease-modifying effect, the potential to prevent further progression of allergic symptoms and induces allergen-specific immunological tolerance persisting for several years after its cessation. New options for allergen immunotherapy include sublingual allergen immunotherapy by 300 IR HDM SLIT tablet, which is now available in the Czech Republic. This treatment is proven to be effective and well tolerated. The article presents the results of clinical trials before the drug was marketed.
- Klíčová slova
- 300 IR HDM Slit tableta /Actair/, Evropská klinická studie, Globální studie,
- MeSH
- alergická rýma * diagnóza prevence a kontrola terapie MeSH
- alergie na roztoče * komplikace MeSH
- alergoidy aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- antigeny roztočů domácího prachu MeSH
- bronchiální astma MeSH
- klinické zkoušky, fáze I jako téma MeSH
- klinické zkoušky, fáze II jako téma MeSH
- klinické zkoušky, fáze III jako téma MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- sublinguální imunoterapie * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Text nabízí aktuální pohled na alergenovou imunoterapii (AIT) jako metodu velmi účinného navození tolerance na aeroalergeny roztočů, pylů a jedu blanokřídlého hmyzu. Má vliv nejen na zmírnění, event. vymizení příznaků rinokonjunktivitidy, ale pronikavě snižuje riziko rozvoje astmatu či zmírňuje jeho projevy. V případě alergie na jed blanokřídlých (vosa a včela) může velmi účinně předcházet anafylaxi, což je život ohrožující alergie. Informovanost internistů o současných možnostech moderních galenických forem AIT je důležitá a velmi žádoucí pro včasné indikace a doporučení ke specialistům, protože farmakoterapie řeší pouze následek, nikoli příčinu. Naopak AIT má i chorobu modifikující účinek, je však potřeba ji podávat alespoň po dobu tří let. Je vhodná v indikovaných případech pro děti starší 5 let a u dospělých do 65 let. Nové snadno rozpustitelné a z dutiny ústní se přímo resorbující tablety mimo jiné nesmírně napomáhají adherenci k léčbě. Vyžadují však jistou osobní disciplínu a odpovědnost za vedení léčby.
The text offers an up‐to‐date view of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) as a method of very effective induction of tolerance to aeroallergens of mites, pollens and venom of white‐winged insects. It has an effect not only on the alleviation or disappearance of rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms, but it pervasively reduces the risk of asthma development or alleviates its manifestations. In the case of allergy to the venom of white‐winged animals (wasp and bee), it can very effectively prevent anaphylaxis, which is a life‐threatening allergy. Awareness of internists about the current options of modern galenic forms of AIT is important and highly desirable for early indication and referral to specialists, as pharmacotherapy only addresses the effect not the cause. Conversely, AIT also has a disease‐modifying effect but needs to be administered for at least three years. It is suitable in indicated cases for children over 5 years and for adults up to 65 years. Among other things, the new easily dissolvable tablets, which are directly resorbable from the oral cavity, help enormously with adherence to treatment. However, they require some personal discipline and responsibility for treatment management.
- MeSH
- alergická rýma farmakoterapie imunologie MeSH
- alergoidy aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- bronchiální astma farmakoterapie imunologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- desenzibilizace imunologická * metody škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- potravinová alergie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- přecitlivělost na hmyzí jed prevence a kontrola MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
ext nabízí aktuální pohled na alergenovou imunoterapii (AIT) jako metodu velmi účinného navození tolerance na aeroalergeny roztočů, pylů a jedu blanokřídlého hmyzu. Má vliv nejen na zmírnění, event. vymizení příznaků rinokonjunktivitidy, ale pronikavě snižuje riziko rozvoje astmatu či zmírňuje jeho projevy. V případě alergie na jed blanokřídlých (vosa a včela) může velmi účinně předcházet anafylaxi, což je život ohrožující alergie. Informovanost internistů o současných možnostech moderních galenických forem AIT je důležitá a velmi žádoucí pro včasné indikace a doporučení ke specialistům, protože farmakoterapie řeší pouze následek nikoli příčinu. Naopak AIT má i chorobu modifikující účinek, je však potřeba ji podávat alespoň po dobu tří let. Je vhodná v indikovaných případech pro děti starší 5 let a u dospělých do 65 let. Nové snadno rozpustitelné a z dutiny ústní se přímo resorbující tablety mimo jiné nesmírně napomáhají adherenci k léčbě. Vyžadují však jistou osobní disciplínu a odpovědnost za vedení léčby.
The text offers an up-to-date view of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) as a method of very effective induction of tolerance to aeroallergens of mites, pollens and venom of white-winged insects. It has an effect not only on the alleviation or disappearance of rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms, but it pervasively reduces the risk of asthma development or alleviates its manifestations. In the case of allergy to the venom of white-winged animals (wasp and bee), it can very effectively prevent anaphylaxis, which is a life-threatening allergy. Awareness of internists about the current options of modern galenic forms of AIT is important and highly desirable for early indication and referral to specialists, as pharmacotherapy only addresses the effect not the cause. Conversely, AIT also has a disease-modifying effect but needs to be administered for at least three years. It is suitable in indicated cases for children over 5 years and for adults up to 65 years. Among other things, the new easily dissolvable tablets, which are directly resorbable from the oral cavity, help enormously with adherence to treatment. However, they require some personal discipline and responsibility for treatment management.
Meiosis in angiosperm plants is followed by mitotic divisions to form multicellular haploid gametophytes. Termination of meiosis and transition to gametophytic development is, in Arabidopsis, governed by a dedicated mechanism that involves SMG7 and TDM1 proteins. Mutants carrying the smg7-6 allele are semi-fertile due to reduced pollen production. We found that instead of forming tetrads, smg7-6 pollen mother cells undergo multiple rounds of chromosome condensation and spindle assembly at the end of meiosis, resembling aberrant attempts to undergo additional meiotic divisions. A suppressor screen uncovered a mutation in centromeric histone H3 (CENH3) that increased fertility and promoted meiotic exit in smg7-6 plants. The mutation led to inefficient splicing of the CENH3 mRNA and a substantial decrease of CENH3, resulting in smaller centromeres. The reduced level of CENH3 delayed formation of the mitotic spindle but did not have an apparent effect on plant growth and development. We suggest that impaired spindle re-assembly at the end of meiosis limits aberrant divisions in smg7-6 plants and promotes formation of tetrads and viable pollen. Furthermore, the mutant with reduced level of CENH3 was very inefficient haploid inducer indicating that differences in centromere size is not the key determinant of centromere-mediated genome elimination.
- MeSH
- aparát dělícího vřeténka MeSH
- Arabidopsis genetika fyziologie MeSH
- fertilita genetika MeSH
- meióza genetika MeSH
- messenger RNA genetika MeSH
- mutace * MeSH
- proteiny huseníčku genetika MeSH
- rostlinné geny * MeSH
- transportní proteiny genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) pollen is a well-suited model for studying many fundamental biological processes owing to its well-defined and distinct development stages. It is also one of the major agents involved in the transmission of infectious viroids, which is the primary mechanism of viroid pathogenicity in plants. However, some viroids are non-transmissible and may be possibly degraded or eliminated during the gradual process of pollen development maturation. The molecular details behind the response of developing pollen against the apple fruit crinkle viroid (AFCVd) infection and viroid eradication is largely unknown. In this study, we performed an integrative analysis of the transcriptome and proteome profiles to disentangle the molecular cascade of events governing the three pollen development stages: early bicellular pollen (stage 3, S3), late bicellular pollen (stage 5, S5), and 6 h-pollen tube (PT6). The integrated analysis delivered the molecular portraits of the developing pollen against AFCVd infection, including mechanistic insights into the viroid eradication during the last steps of pollen development. The isobaric tags for label-free relative quantification (iTRAQ) with digital gene expression (DGE) experiments led us to reliably identify subsets of 5321, 5286, and 6923 proteins and 64,033, 60,597, and 46,640 expressed genes in S3, S5, and PT6, respectively. In these subsets, 2234, 2108 proteins and 9207 and 14,065 mRNAs were differentially expressed in pairwise comparisons of three stages S5 vs. S3 and PT6 vs. S5 of control pollen in tobacco. Correlation analysis between the abundance of differentially expressed mRNAs (DEGs) and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in pairwise comparisons of three stages of pollen revealed numerous discordant changes in mRNA/protein pairs. Only a modest correlation was observed, indicative of divergent transcription, and its regulation and importance of post-transcriptional events in the determination of the fate of early and late pollen development in tobacco. The functional and enrichment analysis of correlated DEGs/DEPs revealed the activation in pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and cofactor as well as vitamin metabolism, which points to the importance of these metabolic pathways in pollen development. Furthermore, the detailed picture of AFCVd-infected correlated DEGs/DEPs was obtained in pairwise comparisons of three stages of infected pollen. The AFCVd infection caused the modulation of several genes involved in protein degradation, nuclear transport, phytohormone signaling, defense response, and phosphorylation. Intriguingly, we also identified several factors including, DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase, ribosomal protein, Argonaute (AGO) proteins, nucleotide binding proteins, and RNA exonucleases, which may plausibly involve in viroid stabilization and eradication during the last steps of pollen development. The present study provides essential insights into the transcriptional and translational dynamics of tobacco pollen, which further strengthens our understanding of plant-viroid interactions and support for future mechanistic studies directed at delineating the functional role of candidate factors involved in viroid elimination.
BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. The progression from AD to bronchial asthma (AB) and allergic rhinitis (AR) is called atopic march. The aim of this study was to evaluate the difference in the sensitization to molecular components in patients suffering from AD in relation to subgroups of patients with AR and AB. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The complete dermatological and allergological examinations were performed. Specific IgE antibodies against 112 molecular components were measured with the multiplex ImmnoCAP ISAC test. RESULTS: Altogether 104 atopic dermatitis patients (50 men, 54 women) at the average age 40.1 years were examined. The sensitization to molecular components was confirmed in 93.3% of patients. The sensitization to components of mites, grasses, trees, animals, moulds, and shrimps was significantly more frequent in patients with severe form of AD and the sensitization to components of grasses, trees, and moulds was significantly higher in subgroup of patients with AB. In subgroup of patients suffering from AR the higher occurrence of pollen-derived and pollen-food derived PR-10 proteins, grasses, mites, and animals was observed also. CONCLUSIONS: We have confirmed the significant differences in the sensitization to molecular components in patients suffering from severe form of AD, and in subgroups of patients suffering from AB and AR. These molecular components may play the important role in the consecutive development of different allergy pathologies called atopic march.
- MeSH
- alergeny imunologie MeSH
- alergická rýma imunologie MeSH
- atopická dermatitida imunologie MeSH
- bronchiální astma imunologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- imunoglobulin E imunologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
In the context of ongoing climate change, expected temperature rise may significantly limit plant growth and productivity of crop species. In this study, we investigated the effects of a sub-optimal temperature on buckwheat, a pseudocereal known for its nutraceutical advantages. Two buckwheat species differing by their reproduction method, namely Fagopyrum esculentum and Fagopyrum tataricum were grown at 21 °C and 27 °C in growth chambers. High temperature increased leaf production mainly in F. tataricum but decreased leaf area in both species. Water and photosynthesis-related parameters were affected by high temperature but our results suggested that although transpiration rate was increased, adaptive mechanisms were developed to limit the negative impact on photosynthesis. High temperature mainly affected the reproductive stage. It delayed flowering time but boosted inflorescence and flower production. Nevertheless, flower and seed abortions were observed in both species at 27 °C. Regarding flower fertility, heat affected more the female stage than the male stage and reduced the stigma receptivity. Pollen production increased with temperature in F. esculentum while it decreased in F. tataricum. Such discrepancy could be related to the self-incompatibility of F. esculentum. Both species increased their antioxidant production under high temperature to limit oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity was higher in the inflorescences than in the leaves. Total flavonoid content was particularly increased in the leaves of F. esculentum and in the inflorescences of F. tataricum. Altogether, our results showed that even if high temperature may negatively affect reproduction in buckwheat, it improves its antioxidant content.
V indikaci alergické rinokonjunktivitidy se v současné době alergenová imunoterapie (AIT) aplikuje subkutánně nebo sublinguálně a je vhodná jak pro děti ve věku od pěti let, tak pro dospívající a dospělé s vazbou na pyl, domácí mazlíčky, roztoče domácího prachu. Ovlivňuje nejen symptomy rinokonjunktivitidy, ale taktéž jsou doloženy krátkodobé a dlouhodobé účinky k omezení rozvoje astmatu. V indikaci alergického astmatu AIT prokázala preventivní efekt v omezení rozvoje alergického zánětu, dle mezinárodního dokumentu o léčbě astmatu (GINA 2016) je sublinguální AIT zařazena do základních léčebných modalit bronchiálního astmatu s vazbou na roztoče a při usilovně vydechnutém objemu vzduchu za první sekundu (FEV1) více než 70 % náležité hodnoty. Imunomodulace alergického onemocnění pomocí AIT vede ke snížení závažnosti onemocnění, snížení užívání farmakoterapie, má efekt v omezení následných senzibilizací a dlouhodobý preventivní účinek. Podstata AIT zahrnuje velmi časnou imunomodulaci odpovědí lymfocytů T a B, změnu v tvorbě příbuzných izotypů protilátek, jakož i inhibici migrace eozinofilů, bazofilů a žírných buněk do tkání a uvolňování jejich mediátorů. Imunologické změny postupně navozují toleranci vůči spouštěcímu alergenu. Jedná se o kauzální terapii alergického onemocnění na rozdíl od farmakoterapie.
In the indication of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is currently administered subcutaneously or sublingually and is suitable for children from 5 years of age, as well as for adolescents and adults bound to pollen, pets, house dust mites. It affects not only the symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis, but also are accompanied by short and long‑term effects to reduce the development of asthma. In the indication of allergic asthma, AIT has demonstrated a preventive effect in reducing the development of allergic inflammation; according to the International Document on Asthma Treatment (GINA 2016), sublingual AIT is included in the basic treatment modalities of bronchial asthma related to mites and more than 70 % of FEV1. Immunomodulation of allergic disease by AIT leads to a reduction in the severity of the disease, a reduction in the use of pharmacotherapy, has an effect in reducing subsequent sensitization and a long‑term preventive effect. The nature of AIT includes very early immunomodulation of T and B‑cell responses, alterations in the production of related antibody isotypes, as well as inhibiting the migration of eosinophils, basophils and mast cell into tissues and the release of their mediators. Immunological changes gradually induce tolerance to the triggering allergen. This is a causal therapy of an allergic disease as opposed to pharmacotherapy.
- MeSH
- alergie imunologie terapie MeSH
- bronchiální astma farmakoterapie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- desenzibilizace imunologická * metody MeSH
- imunoglobulin E terapeutické užití MeSH
- imunomodulace * imunologie MeSH
- imunoterapie metody MeSH
- injekce subkutánní MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- sublinguální imunoterapie metody škodlivé účinky MeSH
- způsoby aplikace léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH